Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/852

* RECIPROCITY. 752 RECLUSE. special arrangements carrying benefits usually to special classes in the community, at the ex- pense of other chisses. RECITATIVE (It. recitativo, from It., Lat. red tare, to recite). A species of vocal composi- tion which differs from an air in having no definite rhythmical arrangement, and no decided or strictly constructed melody, but approaches, in tonal succession and rhythm, to the declama- tory accents of language; it is, in fact, as near an "approach as possible to speech delivered in musical sounds. When any part of a recitative is to be performed in strict time, this is indi- cated by the words rec. a tempo. 'hen a reci- tative is accompanied merely by a few simple chords of an instrument it is called rcciliitivo secco or parhiiite, declaimed recitative. When the voice is accompanied by a considerable por- tion of the instruments of the orchestra, either in sustained eliords or florid passages, it is termed recitativo accoiiipagnato, stromentato, or obbligato. See Leitmotiv; Melos. RECKE, rek'c, {'h.^rlotte Elisabeth Con- STAXTIA VON DER, Usually known as Elisa ( 1756- 1833). A German author, born on the estate Schonburg, in Courland, a daughter of Count Friedrich von Jledcm. In 1771 she nuxrried Baron von der Recke. from whom she was divorced six years later. Her unhappy married life and the untimely death of her daughter produced in her an inclination to mysticism and spiritualism, which was increased through acquaintance with Cagliostro, whom she met at the Court of her sister Dorothea. Duchess of Courland. In 1784, while she was living at Karlsbad, she was made aware of Cagliostro's character, and was there- upon prompted to write "Saehricht von dcs be- riichtifften Cagliostro Aufenthalt in Mita (1787). Her other books include GeistUche Lieder einer rornehmen Kttrlandisehfn Dame (1780-181.5) and Gebete und religiose Betrachtungen (182G). RECKE, Ernst von der (1848—). A Danish poet, born in Copenhagen. His first lyric drama, Bertran de Burn (1872). with musie^ by P. Heise, achieved an immediate success ' at the Royal Theatre, and retains its popularity. His other works also show marked dramatic ability. They include: Lijrishe Digte (1876); Eong Liuvigild og hans H'inner (1878), a tragedy; Knud og Magnus (1881), a tragedy; Fru Jeanna (185)1), an opera; and Hertuginden af Biirgnnd (1891), a play. He also wrote two creditable books on Danish verse. Frinciperne for den danske Verskunst, etc. (1881). and Daiisk Versloerei Icortfattef Fremstilling (1885). RECKLINGHAtr SEN, rek'ling-hou'zen, Friedrich von ( 1S33 — ). A German pathologist, born in Giitersloh, Westphalia. He studied in Bonn. Wiirzburg, and Berlin. 18o2-55. graduating from the University of Berlin. He took up pathol- ogy- under Virchow. and later pursued his studies in Vienna, Rome, and Paris. After serving as an assistant to Vircliow in the Patholo<;ical Insti- tute in Berlin, he became, in 1865. professor of pathological anatomy in Kiinigsberg, whence he was called six months later to Wiirzburg, and thence, in 1872, to the University of Strassburg. His researches in pathology', especially of the nervous system, have been notable and valuable. Among his contributions to literature are: Die Lgmphgefasse vnd ihre Beziehung znm Binde- ge^icebe (1861) ; Vcber die multiplen Fibrome der Haiit und ihre Bcziehung zu den multiplen Neuro- men (1882); and "■Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologic des Kreislaufs und der Ernilhrung," in Billroth und Liicke's Deutsche Chirurgie (1883), as well as articles in Virchow's Archiv. RECKONING (from reckon, AS. ge-recenian, Goth, rahnjan, OHG. rehhanOn, Ger. rechnen. to reckon; connected with AS. racu, account, OHG. rahha, thing). In navigation, the reckoning is the calculation of the position of the ship by means of observations of heavenly bodies and the record of courses and distances sailed which is to be found in the log. Dead reckoning (q.v.) is where the ship's position is computed merely from the record of its movements made in the log without making astronomical observations. See Navigation; Sailings. RECLUS, re-klu', Elisee (1830-1904). A Frencli geographer, born in the Gironde. He was educated in Rhenish Prussia, and subsequently studied at Montauban and under Karl Ritter at the University of Berlin. His republican principles forced him to leave France after the coup d'etat of Louis Napoleon in 1851, and he then traveled in Great Britain, the United States, and South America. After his return to France in 1858, he published the results of his travels and geographical studies in several geographical works and in contribu- tions to the Revue des Deux Mondes and the Tour du Monde. His repugnance to the Napo- leonic reign induced him to join the Interna- tionals in 186!), and, arrested as a soldier of the Commune during the siege of Paris in 1871, he was sentenced to transportation for life. Charles Darwin and other distinguished scientists united in a petition to the French Government for his recall, on the ground of the services which he had rendered to science and popular education, and in 1872 his sentence was commuted into one of banishment. He then established himself in Switzerland until he returned to France under the amnesty of 1870. In 1882, however, he was condemned with Prince Krapotkin as a leader and organizer of the anarchist movement and again fled to Switzerland. Twelve years later he was sentenced to transportation for twenty years. While in exile in Switzerland he began ills masterpiece, 'Sourelle geogniphii- universelle (20 vols.. 1874-94). This work, which was pub- lished in English under the title The Earth and Its Inhabitants, containing over thirty-five hun- dred maps, in addition to numerous engravings, is an evidence of Reclus's remarkable talent for exposition and his extraordinary scientific knowl- edge. Of liis other geographical works, mention should be made of La tcrrc (1867; 4th ed. 1877; Eng. trans.. The Earth, 1871) and Les pheno- mcnes terrestres, le monde et les m6t6ores (1872). In 1892 he became professor of comparative geograjiliy at the LTniversity of Brussels. At the outbreak of the Civil War in the United States his articles were of conspicuous value in arousing public sympathy in France for the ad- ministration of President Lincoln. RECLUSE (OF., Fr. rcelus. from Lat. reclu- sus, II.]). of recludere, to shut up, from re-, back again, anew -)- claudere. to close). One of a class of hermits who. from a motive of special penance, or with a view to the more strict ob- servance of Christian perfection, remained shut up from all converse, in a cell or other place of