Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/806

* RASKOLNIKI. 712 RASPBERRY. the Oloiiets Goveniment, and in 1S97 a number died immured in a cellar. Tlie Government dealt severely with the Raskol- niki from the outset, the law of April 17, 1685, jirescribing death, almost without exception, to those pei-severing in the schism or assisting its adherents. In 1716 they were permitted to settle in cities on the payment of a double tax, but were not permitted to appear as witnesses against orthodox persons. The successors of Peter I. in- creased the severity of the enactments against them. In 1752 labels were required on their dress as a distinguishing mark. In 1768 and 1778 ukases forbade the building of churches and chapels and the use of bells. From 1709 on they could again appear as witnesses in court, the double tax was removed in 1782. and tlie follow- ing year the name Raskolniki was discontinued in official documents. Under Paul I. (1706-1801) their lot grew worse, and under Alexander I., in 1803, the word Raskolniki reappears in State papers. They are officially subdivided into three classes: I. Jlost obnoxious: (1) the Ju- daizers; (2) the Molokani (q.v.). who recognize no authority and object to taking oaths ; (3) Duk- hobortsy (q.v.), a variety of the preceding; (4) the Khlystovtsy, wlio introduce anthropolatry ; (5) the Skoptsy (q.v.), enemies of society, and blasphemous as deriving their sect from Christ ; (Oj those Bezpopovtsy who oppose marriage and praying for the Czar. II. Obnoxious: the Bezpo- povtsy who recognize marriage and pray for the Czar: these are harmful as being against priests and the Eucharist, and also on account of their democratic teachings. III. Least obnoxious: the Popovtsy, rather .schismatics than heretics, as they keep most of the Church requirements and give most promise of reforming. Of the nine- teen episcopal chairs among the 'old believers' tliirteen are held by the Popovtsy, and only three by the Bezpopovtsy. In 1874, on account of the introduction of the universal military serv- ice, a new marriage law was proclaimed for the Raskolniki : the marriages were henceforth to be recorded by police officials, and the issue were considered legitimate. After numerous petitions presented in 1880-81, came the law of May 3, 1883, which brought consideralde relief to the schismatics. Passports were now given to all Raskolniki, with the exception of the Skoptsy; they were free to engage in trade and occupy offi- cial posts, to perform divine service publicly, in private or special buildings, and to rebuild old churches, provided they are of an appearance dis- tinct from the orthodox places of worship. Some other minor liberties were also granted, and law- ful prosecution could be instituted against them for active propaganda only. Among the distinguishing features common to all sects of the Raskolniki may be mentioned; the manner of crossing themselves with the first and middle finger; use of unrevised service-books; two-fold repetition of hallelujah ; turning in church ceremonies "in the direction of the sun's movement," i.e. from left to right and not from right to left : use of seven instead of five altar- breads in the eucharistic offering; use of ancient icons and eight-pointed cross. Their predilection for everything antique appears in their use of the old Russian costume, and scrupulous objec- tion to cutting their hair or shaving their beards. In general the Raskolniki are counted among the most industrious, sober, and intelligent elements of the Russian population. As to their numbers a serious divergence of statistical data seems to be the rule; many Raskolniki conceal their faith before the magistrates, and even of those regis- tered the governmental reports give only a small fraction, for fear of increasing their popularity with the masses. Thus, e.g. when the official re- turns in 1870 gave their number as 1,171,000, the foreign newspapers, on the basis of the secret governmental documents, gave a figure almost ten times as high. On this basis, says the Rus- sian Encyclopa'dia, one can approximately guess their total nimiber, wlicn the report of the Holy Synod for 181)3 places them a little below 2,000,- 000. Consult Strahl, Beitriiiic ::ur riissischen Kirchcngeschichte, vol. i. {Halle, 1827) ; Gerbel- Embach, Russische Hektierer (Heilbronn, 1883) ; Heard, The Hussion Church and Rusn'mn Dissent (Xew York, 1887). RASP. See File. RASPAIIi, ras'pa'y', Fbanq'ois Vincent (1794-1878). A French naturalist and revolu- tionary. He was born at Carpentras, in the De- partment of Vaucluse, and went to Paris in 1815. There he became the editor of radical papers and fought at the barricades in the revolution of 1830. He opposed the Government of Louis Philippe, and was prosecuted for his newspaper articles and for his membership in illegal so- cieties. As leader of a mob (February 24, 1848) he forced the Provisional Government to pro- claim the Republic, and with Barbes and Blanqui headed the insurrectionists who in- vaded the Hall of the National Assembly on May 15th, and sought to disperse the body. He was sen- tenced to five years' imprisonment. He was a member of the Corps L^gislatif in 1869 and of the Chamber of Deputies in 1876-77. As a naturalist he became known through the enthusiastic advo- cacy of camphor as an antiseptic. His works in- clude: Ess<ii de chimie rnicroscopique (1831); lS:outeau systcme de chimie oryanique (1833) ; yonveau systeme de physiolofiie iieg^tale et Tjotanique (1837); Nouvelles etudes scientifiques (1861-64). RASPBERRY (from rasp, OF. rasper, Ft. Taper, from ML. raspare, to scrape, from OH6. raspO-n, to scrape together (connected with Ger. rappen, to seize, Eng. rap) -f- berry; so called from the rough surface). Several species of the genus Rubus, of the natural order Rosacese. The black-cap or black raspberiy {Rubus occidentalis) is an American species with white flowers, and purj)lisli-black fruits consisting of numerous drupes joined together. Since its introduction in 1832 it has become one of the most important of bush fruits and is extensively raised for dessert, canning, and evaporating. In nature the tips of recurved stems of the present season's growth take root during midsummer and late autumn, and give rise to a new plant — a habit utilized in cultivation. In commercial plantations the plants are set in rows 3 by 8 feet apart, given clean cul- ture until time to put down the stem tips, when cultivation ceases. The first return, then, from a new raspberry patch is a crop of plants. The new shoots which spring up from the roots are cut back to 18 or 20 inches, when about that height, to induce the formation of fruit-bearing wood. As soon as the crop is gathered, the canes which have borne are cut away to increase the strength of the new wood which is to bear the