Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/790

RANK AND COMMAND. 36 ; in the gtueral staff, however, captaincies are attained in two or tliree years less than in the line, and majorities three or four years earlier than in the line. See Abmy Organization; Akmies.

RANKE, ran'ke, Johannes {1830—). A German physiologist and anthropologist, born at Tliurnau, Bavaria. He was educated in ihinich, Berlin, and Paris, became a lecturer in physiology at Munich in I8GI, in 1869 professor extraordi- nary and in 1886 full professor of anthropology, his being the first chair of that science in Ger- many. In 1889 he became curator and director of tlie collection of prehistoric objects of Bavaria presented by him to the State. Ranke is also edi- tor of the Beitriige ziir Anthropologic nnd Ur- geschichte Baycrns, of the Archiv fiir Anthro- pologie, and of the Korrespondenzhlatt of the German Anthropological Society, of which organi- zation he was chosen general secretary. His published works include Tetanus (1865), Die Erniihriing dfs Mcnschen (1876), Das Bliit (1878), and Beitriige sur physischen Anthropo- logic der Bayeni (vols. i. and ii., 1883-92).

RANKE, Leopold von (1795-1886). A cele- brated Gorman historian, who, with Xiebuhr, was the founder of the modern historical school. He was bom at Wiehe. in Thuringia. At the age of eighteen he went to the University of Leipzig, Avhere he studied tlieology and the classics. In 1818 he became an instructor in the gymnasium at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. His field was classical literature, and in his systematic reading of the an- cient historians he was aroused to the possibility of attaching to modern history that interest and vitality, the lack of which in most writers had repelled him from the subject. U'hen his studies had carried him by gradual chronological ]iro- gression up to the fifteenth century, Ranke had come to realize his mission, and thenceforth he turned to history as his life work. He first pub- lished the Geschichte der ronuinischen iind ger- manischcn Volker von I'l'J-'i-loSo (1824). He was in 1825 appointed professor extraordinary at the University of Berlin, and entered upon a study of the Venetian Relations, which gave him an insight into the historical value of diplomatic history, the use of which became one of the marked characteristics of his work. The result of these studies was his Fiirsten und Tiilkcr ron Siidcuropa im 16. iind 11. Jahrhundcrt (1827). He next received a commission from the Prussian Government to go to Venice and investigate the archives there, and in 1834-37 he published Die romischcn Papxte. ihre Kirche nnd ihr >Staai im 16. nnd 17. Jahrhundcrt ( 10th ed. 1900. under the title Die romischcn Piipste in den lct:tcn vier Jahrhunderten), a work which attracted the at- tention of the entire civilized world. In 1834 he was made a full professor at Berlin. Ranke's great studies of the Reformation period in Ger- many, France, England, and Italy all form parts of one related wliole. These works are the most notable and important of Ranke's volu- minous contributions to historical literature and form a unique study of the period. Ranke be- came historiographer of Prussia in 1841. and was the recipient of many honors in the course of his long life. He retired from his chair in Berlin in 1871, but in 1880 began the pub- lication of a universal history. The volumes of the Weltgeschichte published before his death carry the account to the eleventh century. Two additional volumes were edited by his assistants after his death. The whole was published in nine volumes (1881-88). All his works are of great value to students of history. .Among them are: Die serbi.'iche Revolution "(1829), re- published as Serbien rind die Tiirkei im 11). Jahr- liundcrt (1879); Die Verschuurung gegen Yen- edig, 161S (1831) ; Deutsche Geschichte im Zeit- alter der Reformation (1839-47); Franztisische Geschichte, tornchmlicli im 16. und 11. Jahr- hundcrt (1852-61); Englische Geschichte im 16. und 11. Jahrhundcrt (1859-67); Zur deuischen Geschichte voni Religionsfrieden bis zum dreis- sigjahrigcn Kricge (1868); Geschichte Miillen- stcins (1869) ; Zur Geschichte Dcutschlands und Frankreichs im 19. Jahrhundcrt (1887). His collected works are published in 54 volumes, covering the whole range of modern European history. He died in Berlin. Consult his auto- biography. Zur cigcnen Lebensgeschichtc, edited by Dove (Leipzig. 1890), vols, liii.-liv. of the col- lected works; Guglia, Leopold ron Rankcs Leben und ^Yerke (1893); Guilland, L'Allcmagne nouvelle et ses historiens, Xiebuhr, Ranke, Mom- sen, ,Sybcl, Treitschke (Paris, 1899).

RANKINE, ran'kin, William .John Mac- Ql'ORN (1S20-72). A Scotch engineer and physi- cist. He was born at Edinburgh, and studied at the University of that city, where he received honors for essays in physics. He afterwards studied civil engineering and was employed on various railways in Scotland as a civil engineer. He did not in the meantime neglect his theoretical studies and communicated a number of valuable papers to different learned societies. In 1849 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and in this year read his celebrated paper On a Form nla for Circulating the Expansion of Liquids by Heat. He published in the Philo- sophical Magazine (1851) a paper on the Cen- trifugal Theory of Elasticity as Applied to Gases and- Vapors, in which this theory was elaborated. In 1853 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society and submitted to that body a paper on thermo- dynamics. On the Geometrical Representation of the Exjiansire Actioyi of Heat. After delivering lectures in the university at Glasgow, he was elected regius professor of civil engineering in that institution in 1855. succeeding Prof. Lewis Gordon. Rankine may be considered one of the founders of the science of thermodynamics (q.v. ), as with Lord Kelvin (then Sir William Thom- son) and Clausius he put in permanent form those parts of Carnot's theory which agreed with the view then being accepted that heat and work are convertible. In applied science his work as an engineer was of a high order, and he was the first president of the Institute of Engineers in Scotland. He was also consulting engineer to the Government and corporations and was a con- tributor to the Engineer. He was the author of the following books: Manual of Applied Me- chanics (1858); Manuals of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers ( 1859) ; Manual of Civil Engineering (1862); Manual of Machinery and Mill Work (1869) : Cyclopwdia of Machine and Hand Tools (1869). these have enjoyed a well- deserved and widespread popularity as text-books and have passed through many editions. Ran- kine was also the corresponding and general editor of Shipbuilding Theoretical and Practical