Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/734

* RADOWITZ. 646 RAFFAELINO DEL GARBO. ings, Gcspiachc uus der Gctienu-oft iihcr Staat tiiid Kirclic (1840), and Ucuischluiid iind Fried- rich Wilhclm IV. (1848). In the Frankfort Par- liament Eadowitz was tlie leader of the ultra- constin-atives, but lie subsequently moditied his vjtws and favored a constitutional monareliy and a united Gerniany under Prussian leadership. In September, 1850,' he became Prussian Jlinister of Foreign Affairs, but resigned in Xovcmber on the failure of his anti-Austrian policy, and retired to Erfurt, where he wrote his Xeue Gcspriiche aus der Ijcgenirart (1851). He died at Berlin. Consult Frensdorfi', Joseph von Sudoicitz (Leip- zig. 1850). His collected works in five volumes were published in Berlin (1852-53). BADULESCXJ, rii'doo-Ies'koo, Jo.N Heliade-. See HELiAnE-KADVLEscu. RADZIWILL, rjid'ze-vll. An old Lithuanian- Polish family, descended from Xichola.s I. (1360-1440). Palatine of Vilna, who was equally distinguished as warrior and statesman. The most distinguished modern member of the family was ^Michael .Jerome (Geron) (1778-1850). He served as lieutenant in the war of independence under Kosciuszko until 1704, joined Napoleon on his march into Russia (1812), and was made by liim brigadier-general. During tlie Revolution of 1830-31 he was for a short time general-in- chief of the Polish army and after its defeat was transported into Central Russia and detained there until 1836, when he retired to Dresden. RAE, ra, John (1813-93). An English Arctic explorer, born near Stronuiers, in the Orkney Islands. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, and in 1833 became resident surgeon at one of the stations of the Hudson's Bay Company, where the greater part of his time was devoted'to scientific study. In 1846-47 he made his first Arctic jour- ney, and explored 700 miles of the coast of Committee Bay. In the following year he joined the Government land ex]iedition to search for Sir John Franklin. In 1850 Rae was again sent out by the Government in quest of the lost ex- plorer. During the year consumed by this ex- pedition the party traveled 5380 miles, covering much territory in Wollaston Land and Victoria Land, concerning which nothing had been known, and mapped out 700 miles of new coast line. In 1853 he set out with another party, under the auspices of the Hudson's Bay Company, with the object of completing the survey of the coast line. In Repulse Bay he obtained definite news of Frank- lin's fate, and upon returning to civilization with the news, found that his jiarty had earned the reward of £10,000 offered for the first accredited information of the lost explorer. In 1858, 1860, and 1864 he took a prominent part in various expeditions in the northern part of the American continent. His activity and endurance bordered upon the marvelous, and he is said to have walked 20,000 miles in the course of his various journe,vs and explorations. The later years of his life were passed in London, where he held Tarious offices in corporations and institutions concerned with colonial matters. Rae published, in 1850, yarratire of an Expedilion to the SIhores of the Aretie Hen in IS'iR and 78)7. An account of his work is given in Richardson. Polar Re- gions (London, 1861). Consult, also, the same author's Aretie Expeditions (ib., 1852-53). RAE, .John (1845 — ). An English economist, born in Wick, Scotland, and educated at the University of Edinburgh. He wrote for English periodicals, made an especial study of the history of economics and of modern economic tendencies, and published Contemporary Socialism, a valu- able study (1884; 3d ed. 1901); Eight Hours far Work (1894); and Life of Adam timith (1895). RAEBURN, ra'burn. Sir Henry (1756-1823). A Scottish portrait painter. He was born at Stockbridge, near Edinburgh, March 4, 1756, and at the age of fifteen was apprenticed to a gold- smith at Edinburgh, painting water-color minia- tures during his leisure hours. From David Martin, a local portrait painter, he received some inspiration, and learned to adopt a broader treat- ment in miniatures. Encouraged by his success in this branch of art, he began to fit himself for portrait painting by copying portraits in oil. After contracting a fortunate marriage in 1778, he was enabled to study abroad, to which he wa* urged by Reynolds, whom he met on a visit to London. After studying for two years at Rome, he returned to Edinburgh, and soon attained great popularity. He was elected president of the Society of Artists in Scotland in 1812, and Royal Academician in 1815. On a visit of George IV. to Edinburgh in 1822 he was knighted, and the following .vear was appointed the King's limner for Scotland. He died at Edinburgh, .July 8, 1823. Raebum occupies a position in Scottish art similar to that of Reynolds (q.v. ) in English. His portraits are strikingly real- istic and intense, and are painted in full light. His work has been compared to that of Frans Hals and Velazquez, whom he resembles in this regard and in his facile brush work. The most notable Scotchmen were among his sitters, such as Robertson, Hume, Boswell, Christopher North, JefTre.v. Dugald Stewart, Braxfield, John Erskine. and Sir Walter Scott. There are good examples of his work in the Edinburgh National Gallerv, in the National Portrait Galler.v, Lon- don, and in the Louvre. Consult Andrew William Raebum, Life of Hir Henry Raebum (London, 1894). RAFF> riif, Joachim (1822-82). A German composer, born at Lachen, Switzerland. He first engaged in scientific studies, but studied music under Mendelssohn, and in 1850 followed Liszt to Weimar. Tie puhlished Die Wagnerfrage (1854), in which he advocated Wagner's theories. In 1856 he went to Wiesbaden, where he gave all his time to composition until 1877, M'hen he was called to the new Conservatory of Music at Frankfort-on- the-Main. Raft' was a prolific writer, his composi- tions numbering over two hundred, including notable examples of nearl,v every musical form. He was possessed, however, of a facility of in- vention which poverty frequently drove him to employ to the detriment of his reputation; hence the uneven character of his work. His best work proves him a master of technic, and a composer of high rank. Among his eleven great sym- phonies are Im TCalde and Lenore, which are universally esteemed. He wrote the operas Konig Alfred and Dame Kobold, and man.y charming songs. He died at Frankfort-onthe- Main. RAFFAELINO DEL GARBO, raf'fA-el-e'nA del giir'bfi (1406-1524). A Florentine painter of the Early Renaissance. He was born in Florence, and studied under Filippino Lippi, whom he