Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/715

* R RThe eighteenth letter of the English alphabet. It is the Latin form of the Greek rho, which eorresjionded to the Semitic rCsh, meaning 'head,' the letter rudely representing a face in profile. The development of the form of the letter was as follows: ij /> p p p Hebrew. Pha?nician. Early Greek. Early Latin. P Later Latin. The tag was added to the r in Latin in order to distinguish it from the sign for p (q.v.) when that letter assumed its present form. In phonetic value r ma.j be either consonantal or vocalic, and in Sanskrit this distinction was denoted bj' different symbols, i? is a consonant only when it immediately precedes a vowel, as rill, rain, crack. As a consonant it is a con- tinuous spirant, voiced or voiceless, and is sounded by placing the tip of the tongue loosely against the sockets of the upper front teeth and causing it to vibrate with strong breath. Initial English r is pronounced thus in such words as riiiff, ribhon. The vibration, however, is very slight, and the sound produced is a comparatively smooth one. Before back vowels the tip of the tongue is turned upward and back against the palate, as in rush, roar. Both these r's are un- trilled. Trilled r, infrequently heard in Eng- lish pronunciation, is produced by the vibra- tions of the uvula. After vowels r is often sounded as the obscure vowel 9 (^a in sofa), care, hire, four. In some words r has become so weakened as to be silent or to result only in lengthening the preceding vowel, as in far, world, fern. R influences the preceding vowels, making them more open, as in ail. air; old, ore; pool, poor. Here the sounds are widened to coalesce with the open quality of the glide r. This glide sound lies between the consonant and vocalic values, as ear (glide), but earache (consonant). English r in red is the medium alveolar sound, but after t in try, and, to a less degree, after d in dry. the opening is so restricted that the sound is distinctly buzzed. R may be voiceless in com- bination with other voiceless letters, as pride, hridr. R represents an original Indo-Germanic r, as Skt. rudhira, Gk. Ipvdpb's, Lat. ritber. Eng. red; Skt. dvar, Gk. 6ipa, Lat. fores, Eng. door. It may also represent a Germanic c ( Indo-Germanic 627 s ), which became r by the operation of Verner's law (q.v.). It is closely related to I (q.v.), with which it frequentl.v interchanges, as in Sanskrit rahh and Inhh. to seize, especially as a result of dissimilation, as Greek K€ (rough breathing) and ^ (soft breathing). The Romans transliterated the former (spiritus as- per) by rh, whence the rh in words from the Greek, through the Latin, as rheumatism, rhet- oric. Words derived directl.v from the Greek, if recently acquired, usually disregard this Latin spelling, as raphe. As a mediaeval Roman numeral R = SO. R = 80.000. R. A. = Royal Academy, Roval Arch, Ro.val Artillery; R. M., Royal Marines; R. N., Royal Navy; R. C, Roman Catholic. In prescriptions Ifc (recipe) = take. RA, ra. An Egyptian deity. See Rfi. KAAB, rab (Hung. Gyor). A ro,yal free city, and the capital of the County of Raab, Hungary, 63 miles west by north of Budapest, at the con- fluence of the Raab (a river about 150 miles long) with an arm of the Danube (Map: Hun- gary, C 2). It has handsome new public build- ings. The educational institutions include an Obergymnasium and a normal school for girls. The cit.v manufactures spirits, chemicals, oil, agricultural implements, and brick. The hor.se market is famous. Raab was built on the ruins of the Roman Arrabona. It was taken bv the Turks in 1594. Four years later they were driven out, and Raab was made a fortress of the first rank. Population, in 1S90, 22,795; in 1900, 27,758. RAAB, JoHAXN Leonhabd (1825-99). A German line-engraver and etcher, born at Schwa- ningen, near Ansbaeh. He studied at Xuremberg under Karl Maier and Reindel, then at the Acad- emy in Munich, where he was appointed pro- fessor of engraving in 1S09, having in the mean- while worked at Xuremberg. Besides Raphael's "Madonna Tempi" and "Madonna di Foligno," Titian's "Gipsy Madonna," and Veronese's "Mar- riage Feast at Cana," he engraved after Kaul- bach, Lessing, Fliiggen, V'autier, Sehwind, Piloty, and Ramberg, and in 1882-87 reproduced the principal works in the Old Pinakothek at Mu- nich in fifty etchings, for which Reber wrote the text. His daughter, Doris ( 1851 — ), Iwrn at Nu- remberg, also earned a reputation with engrav- ings after Holbein, Rubens, Piloty, and Linden-