Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/708

* QUINET. 620 QTJINOA. righteousness. The fall of Napoleon III. brought him back to Paris. He was active during the siege and in the Xational Assemblies at Bordeaux and Versailles. During this period he wrote La creation (1870), La republiquc (1872), and L'c.ipril nuincaii (1874). His Mcmoires d'exil were published in 1870 and Lc livre de I'exile posthumously with two volumes of letters in 1877 and four others (1884-8G). Quinefs complete works are in 20 vols. (Paris, 1877-79). Consult: Chassin, Edgar Quinet: sa vie, ses wuvres (Paris, 1859) ; Edgar Quinet deptiis Vcxil. by his wife (ib., 1889) : Heath, Edgar Quinet, His'Early Life and Writings (London, 1881); Dowden, Studies in Literature (ib., 1878); Montegut, Melanges critiques (Paris, 1887). QUINETTE DE KOCHEMONT, ke'net' de rdsh'niux', Emile TiiEODOKE, l>ar<jn (1838 — ). A French engineer, born in .Soissons, and educated at the Ecole Polytechnique and at the Ecole des Fonts et Chaussees. He was appointed engineer- in-chief of the port of Havre in 1883, inspector- general of liridges and roads in the Jlinistrj' of Public Works in 1892. and the same year took the chair of maritime works at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussfes. His writings include Menioire sur le Clyde, Glasgow, Port Glasgow, et Greenock (18G9), Ifotcs sur les phares elcctriques de la Heve (1870), and books on various European ports. QTJINIC ACID. See KiNic Acid. QiriNIDINE. See Quinine ; Alkaloids. QUININE, or QXJININA (Neo-Lat. qtiinimi. from Neo-Lat., Sp., Port., Quichua quina, qui- nine). A white amorphous or crystalline powder with a very bitter taste, alkaline, very faintly soluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, dilute acids, ether, or chloroform, and derived from the bark of Cinchona calisaya, Cincliona rubra, and other varieties of Peruvian bark. The symbol of quinine is CjoH^jN^O, + 3HjO. Its dose" is from one to forty grains. There are five official .salts of quinine. Quinine sulphate is the white, crys- talline powder conunonly called quinine, extreme- ly and persistently bitter, faintly soluble in water (1 in 740 parts), moderately .soluble in alcohol, soluble in weak acid. Its symbol is (CmH,,Nj 02)j.HjS0j + 7H,0. Its dose is from one to forty grains. Quinine hisulphate occurs in clear, color- less crystals or needles, very bitter and with an acid reaction, soluble in water and alcohol. The symbol is C.,H„,N.O,.H„SO, + 7H„0. Dose, one to forty grains. Quinine hydrohromate occurs in colorless needles, bitter, soluble in fifty-four parts of water, freidy in alcohol. Symbol, C-oH^.N^Oo HBr -f- H^O. Dose, one to twenty grains. Qui- nine hydrochloratc occurs in white needles ar- ranged in tufts, bitter, soluble in thirty-four parts of water, freely soluble in alcohol, and suit- able for hypodermic use. Its symbol is Ca„H.,N, OjHCl + 2H,0. and its dose is* from one to 'ten or twenty grains. Quinine valerianate occurs in white pearly crystals with the characteristic repulsive odor of valerian, bitter, soluble in alco- hol, and in one hundred parts of water. Its svmbol is C,,H,,N.OAH,„0, + HjO; its dose, one to" three grains. Among the unofficial salts of quinine are the carbamide hydrochloratc, the amorphous borate, and euquinine (the ethyl carbonate). Quinine is used in medicine as a bitter tonic. an antiperiodic, and antipyretic. It has also anti- septic properties. It depresses the heart when given in large do.ses, and after long-continued use it affects the hearing unfavorably. It is excreted with the urine and occasionally produces renal and vesical irritation. Small doses produce hy- peremia of the brain, with a feeling of exhilara- tion, while large doses cause cerebral congestion with vertigo, staggering, headache, deafness, de- lirium, and even coma, comprising the condition termed cinchonism. The piincipal use of quinine is in malarial alTections, in which it reduces the fever, increases the numbers of the white blood-corpuscles, pre- vents the acetification and decay of the blood, and poisons the plasmodia which cause the dis- ease. In some cases it acts more advantageously when combined with capsicum or with arsenic, or with potassium nitrate. The custom of taking quinine frequently for catarrhal attacks or as a prophylactic is very harmful. Besides the injuri- ous eliects upon the hearing, which are positive and permanent, it seriously weakens the heart and renders the system so used to it that the drug becomes useless when required. See Ma- LARIA AND JIaLARIAL FeVEK ; INTERMITTENT Fever: Ague. QUINISEXT (from Lat. quini, five each -f sextus, sixth). The name given in Church his- tory to a council which, being regarded as a sort of supplement of the fifth and sixth general councils, is called by a title which combines both. The fifth general council, held in 5.53, on the sub- ject of the three chapters, enacted no canons of discipline. In like manner the sixth, held against the Monothelites in 680-81, was confined almost entirely to doctrinal decisions. In order to supply the want, a numerous body of bishops, 211 in number, assembled in 692. in a hall of the Im- perial palace at Constantinople, called the Trul- lus, from which the council is sometimes known as the Trullan Synod. It was a purely Oriental council, and was not approved by the Western Church and the Pope. Its decrees are purely dis- ciplinary, and it is chiefly important for its broad distinction between the legislation of the East and that of the West on the subject of clerical celibacy. The Quinisext Council, while prohibiting the marriage of any one who is in priest's orders, permits a married man to receive after marriage the order of subdeacon. deacon, or l^riest, but not of bishop (canon three). Against this the Roman pontiffs vigorously protested. An- other peculiar canon of this synod (fifty-fifth) prohibits fasting on Saturday, even in Lent. QUINNAT SALMON (North American In- dian name). The principal and typical species (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) of Pacific Coast salmon. (See Salmon.) It is found on both coasts of the North Pacific, southward as far as central California and Northern China, and is especially abundant in the Sacramento and Co- lumbia rivers. Other names are "king," "Chinook,' and 'tyee' salmon. QUINOA (Quichua name), Chenopodium Quinoa. An annual plant, native of Chile and the high tablelands of Mexico, cultivated for its seeds, which as meal form the principal food of the people where it is indigenous. They are sometimes fed to poultry in France and Germany. On account of insect attacks, the plant has proved unsatisfactory at the California Experiment Sta-