Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/691

* QUEBEC. 605 QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. Indian settlement; the Chaudifere Falls; Saint Anne de Beaupre, a place of pilgrimage, whose church contains relics of Saint Anne, supposed to effect marvelous cures; Chateau Bigot, an histor- ical house near Charlesburg ; Cap Kouge ; and Isle d'Orleans, where Cieneral Wolfe established his camp prior to the siege of Quebec. An Indian to*n named Stadacona occupied part of the pi-esent site of Quebec in 1535 when Jacques Cartier explored the Saint Lawrence. An unsuccessful attemjjt at settlement was made by Sieur de Roberval in 1542-43. Its real founder was Champlain. who established a small trading post here in 1008, and gave it the name of Quebec. In 1629 Sir David Kirke captured the settlement, but it was restored to the French three years later. WTien the colony was made a royal gov- ernment in 1663, Quebec became the capital. The English made two unsuccessful attempts to cap- ture it in 1690 and 1711, and through the daring of General Wolfe in 1759 it finally fell into Brit- ish possession, which has never been interrupted. A fruitless etl'ort was made by the Americans to capture the cit}' b- assault on December 31, 1775, when General ilontgomery was killed. For sev- eral years Quebec was the capital of United Can- ada, and the famous Confederation Debate took place in the old Parliament House in 1864. The growth and progress of Quebec have not been rapid. The population, in 1881. numbered 62,- 446: in 1891. 63,090; in 1901, 68.834, five-sixths being French, and Roman Catholics. Consult : Russell, Quebec as It Wa~s and as It Is (Quebec, 1860) ; Parker. Quebec, The Place and the Peo- ple (New York, 1903). QUEBEC ACT. An act of the English Parlia- ment pas-ii'd in 1774 providing a government for the Province of Canada, which had been acquired by the Treaty of Paris of 1763. The three fea- tures of the act which have called forth the most extended discussion were: (1) the extension of the boundaries of the province so as to include all the territory northwest of the Ohio River and east of the ilississippi, thus confining the Atlan- tic colonies within the Alleghanies, in spite of their claims to the land to the west; (2) the substitution of the French civil law therein for English law; and (3) the withholding of repre- sentative English institutions, such as existed in the other English provinces. The act excited great indignation among English-speaking peo- ples both at home and especially in the thirteen English colonies. The reason assigned by the English for the extension of the boundaries was the necessity of annexing the Xorthwest Territory to some civil government in view of the almost anarchical conditions there prevailing; and hav- ing reached that conclusion, the Government de- cided that there were good reasons why it should be annexed to Canada. With regard to the sub- stitution of the French legal system for the Eng- lish, the Government claimed that on account of the predominance of the French element it was found impossible to put English law into prac- tice except in commercial matters, and as the French customary law had, for the most part, continued undisturbed, the act of Parliament in question merely legalized the existing status. Finally, the English justified the withholding of representative institutions on the ground of the religious ditficulties involved. In view of the Roman Catholic majority, it was deemed inex- pedient to exchide Catholics from the assembly; on the other hand, it was thought unsafe to admit them, and as a consequence an appointed council took the place of a representative asseml>ly. The act was regarded bj' the English colonists as a blow aimed directly at them, and was a factor in bringing on the Revolution. For the American view of the spirit and pur- pose of the act, consult Bancroft, History of the United States (New York, 1883-85) ; for the English view, consult an article in the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1894 (Washington, 1895). QUECHUA, ka'chwa. A tribe of South Ameri- can Indians. See QuiCHi A. QUEDAH, ka'da, or KEDAH. A tributary State of Siam on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, north of Perak and of the British Province of Wellesley (Jlap: Siam, D 6). It formerly included the island of Penang and the territory of the Province of Wellesley. Area, 3600 square miles. Population (estimated), 30,000. QUEDLINBURG, kved'Un-boTirK. A city in the Province of Saxony, Prussia, on the Bode, 34 miles southwest of ilagdeburg (Map: Prussia, D 3). It preserves in part its ancient walls and towers, and on a rocky height is an old castle, the seat of the famous Alibey of Quedlinburg, founded early in the tenth century by Henry the Fowler, King of Germany, the first four abbesses of which were daughters of Cierman emperors. The Abbey of Quedlinburg, with its district, con- stituted a State of the German Empire down to 1803. It became Protestant in 1539. The abbey church, restored in 1862, with its mediipval relies. is of great interest, and there are other note- worthy ecclesiastical remains, an ancient town- hall, and fine sculptural monuments, including statues of Klopstock and Karl Ritter. who wire born here. Quedlinburg is the centre of the sec- ond Jargest seed-producing district in Ciermany, and manufactures machinery, aniline dyes, starch, cloth, and wire goods. There is a large annual cattle market. Quedlinburg was a mem- ber of the Hanseatic League. Population, in 1890, 20,761; in 1900, 23,378. QUEEN ANNE'S BOUNTY. The fund formed by the liberality of Queen Anne to aug- ment the poorer livings of the Church of Eng- land. The basis of the fund was the annates, or the first year's whole profits of a spiritual pre- ferment. This tax, which at one time went to the Pope, was annexed to the Crown during the reign of Henry VIII. and received by bis suc- cessors down to Queen Anne, who formed it into a trust fund for the benefit of the poorer clergy of the kingdom. During the year 1900 the ad- ministrators of the bounty augmented 96 liv- ings, and made benefactions to the extent of £30,- 000 and grants to the extent of £16,9.30. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. Tlie name com- monly given to that part of the struggle known as the War of the Spanish Succession which was fought in America. In America the war begiin in the fall of 1702 by an unsuccessful expedition 'from South Carolina against the Spaniards in Saint Augustine. In the north the brunt of the war fell upon New England, for, in consideration of the fact that the Iroquois promised to remain