Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/679

* p QUARTET. 595 QUARTZITE. the quartet, did not, like Haydn, regard it as a miniature sympliony to express only miniature ideas. Some of tlie boldest effects in ilozart's works are found in his quartets. During the lifetime of Haydn and ilozart the quartet was assiduously cultivated by lesser composers, such as Gossec, Gretry, Sammai'tini, Eomberg. Ries, Onslow, and others. They were succeeded by the unriv.iled master of the string quartet, Bee- thoven. The first violin no longer had the prin- cipal melody: he placed all four instruments on a footing of absolute independence. He wrote only 16 quartets, but in these monumental works all the possibilities of the form are exhausted. Schubert wrote 20 quartets which are scarcely inferior to those of his predecessor either in pro- found ideas or mastery of technical workmanship. While Beethoven occasionally allows one or two instruments to rest (producing a certain thin- ness of tone), Schubert keeps every instrument at work from beginning to end. Schumann wrote only three quartets (op. 41), but they can be ranked with those of Beethoven and Schubert. Spohr wrote 33 quartets and four double quar- tets. His quartets are more like those of Haydn and Mozart ; the independence of the several in- struments is sacrificed to the predominance of melody in the first violin. The same is true of Mendelssohn's quartets. The second violin and viola too frequently have only filling-up work, like tremolo, etc. Another master is Brahms, whose quartets are written entirely on the lines of his great predecessors. Some of the most im- portant quartet organizations, with their original members, are: The Florentine, Becker, ilasi, Chiostri. Hilpert: the HeUmesherger, Georg, Joseph, Joseph, Jr., and Ferdinand HeUmes- herger ; the >ichui>p(inzi<)h, Schuppanzigh. Sina, Weiss, Kraft; the Joachim, Joachim, De Ahna, Wirth. Hausmann ; the Kneisel. Kneisel. Roth, Svecenski, Schrocder: the. Bohemian Quartet, Hoffman, 8uk. Xedbal. Wihom : the Brodsky Quartet. Brodsky. Becker. Sitt, Klengel. QUARTIER LATIN, kar'tya' la'tiix' (Fr., Latin quarter). The famous student section of Paris, a district south of the Seine, containing the Sorbonne, the Coll&ge de France, the Insti- tute, the Luxembourg, Pantheon, and various schools. The name quarticr or pays latin was given to it because Latin was the language of mediaeval scholasticism. The Latin quarter has always been the centre of youthful revolutionary ideas and a svnonym for Bohemian life. QtJARTILE. See Aspects. QUARTLEY, kwart'li, Arthfr (1839-86). An American marine painter, born of English parentage in Paris. He lived in London as a child, and came to the L'nited States in 1851. He studied without instruction in Baltimore and New York City, and was elected a National Academician in 1886. His works include: "Xew York from Xorth River:" "Afternoon in August — Coast of Maine" (1878) ; "Low Countrv on the Xorth Shore of Long Island" (1881) : and "Off the Isle of Shoals" (in the L'nion League Club, Xew York City). QUARTODECIMAN. A name applied to the party in the early Christian Church which be- lieved in celebrating Easter on the fourteenth day after the full moon, by analogy with the .Jew- ish usage regarding the Passover. See Easter ; XlCEA, CoU^sCILS OF. QUARTZ (MHO. quarz. Ger. Quarz, rock crystal, quartz). A mineral compo.sed of silica or silicon dioxide, crystallizing in the hexagonal system. It is very hard, scratching glass readily, and has a specific gravity of from 2.5 to 2.8, de- pending upon the amount of impurity present. When pure it is colorless and perfectly trans- parent, but it often has some shade of yellow, red, brown, green, blue, or black. By friction it becomes positively electrified. It is a verj- abun- dant and widely distrilmted mineral, "largely composing the sands found on beaches and being also a constituent of most rocks. (See Rocks.) The mineral species includes two important groups: those that are crystallized and have a vitreous lustre, called 'pheno-crystalline,' and those that are massive and flint-like, called 'erypto-crystalline.' The pheno-crystalline varieties of quartz in- clude amethyst, asteriated or .star quartz, aven- turine, cairngorm, morion or smoky quartz, cafseye, citrone or false, Saxon, Scottish or Spanish topaz, ferruginous quartz, or rubasse, (sometimes called "ancona' or 'Mont Blanc ruby), hyaline, milky or greasy quartz, rock crystal (in- cluding the Brazilian pebble, "Lake George dia- monds,' etc.), rose quartz, sagenitic quartz, and sapphirine, or siderite. The erypto-crystalline varieties include agate ( "banded' or 'eye agates,' 'fortification' or 'ruin agates,' dendritic agate, moss agate, agatized wood, etc.), basanite (ly- dian stone or touchstone), beekite, bloodstone or heliotrope, earnelian, chalcedony, chrysoprase, flint, hoi'nstone, jasper, onyx, plasma, prase, sard, and sardonyx. In addition to the fore- going should be mentioned quartz rock or quartz- ite (q.v. ), which is a sedimentary sandstone con- verted into a very hard compact rock by meta- morphic action. Although it is distinctly granu- lar, the grains seem to melt into each other, or to be enveloped in a homogeneous paste. Of similar nature are the difl'erent varieties of pseudomorphous quartz, such as the agatized wood and beekite previously mentioned. The common variety of crystallized quartz is employed in the arts as an abrasive, principally in the manufacture of sandpaper. It is also crushed and used for polishing marble and as a filler for wood. For the latter purpose it is ground to an impalpable powder and combined with japans or oils to make a paste which is then applied to the surface of the wood. Quartz sands are of importance in the manufacture of glass, refractory brick, mortar, cements, etc. The oc- currence of quartz in the form of veins is note- worthy from the fact that such veins are the sources of many of the valuable metals, includ- ing gold, silver, copper, and lead. (See Ore De- posits.) Further information concerning the principal varieties of quartz will be found under their special names. QUARTZITE (named from the mineral quartz, which is its principal constituent). A metamorphic rock composed essentially of quartz, and produced from the alteration of sandstone (q.v.). The process of alteration consists of the enlargement of the sand grains which compose the sandstone through accretion of silica in aqueous solution. This accretion of silica ce- ments neighboring grains together by crystalliz- ing around them, and forms as a result a dense vitreous rock which usually discloses little if any