Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/675

* QUANA. 591 QUARANTINE. ^^oi he led 700 warriors of the confederated tribes in a desperate attack upon the fort known as the Adobe Walls on the South Canadian River in the Texas Panhandle. In the subsequent encounters he took an active part luitil the final surrender a jear later, being the last man to come in with his band. Recognizing the advent of a new order of things, he went down into Texas to learn some- thing of the white man's ways, and returned to his tribe an apostle of civilization. In 1882 he began to advocate the leasing of the surplus pas- ture lands of the reserv'ation. in which he finally succeeded, thus increasing the revenues of the tribes by more than $100,000 yearly. In 1888 he was appointed a judge of the Indian court to try minor Indian oft'enses. In 1802 he was the first signer of the treaty by which the lands of the reservation were opened to settlement in 1901. He made many visits to Washington as a dele- gate for his people and traveled extensively in other parts of the country. After the Indians were made citizens by the opening of the reserva- tion he filled one or two local offices under the county government. QXTANTICS. See FoBMS ; FrxcTioN. QUANTZ, la-ants, Johaxn Jo.cniM (1697- 773). A German flautist, born at Oberscheden, Janover. In 1716 he went to Dresden, where he 'oined the town orchestra under Heine. He was at first an oboist, but. after a thorough course of instruction under Bufl'adin, he exchanged the oboe for the flute. In 1728 he played before Freder- ick the Great (then Crown Prince) at Berlin, and -n delighted him that he arranged for personal in- -t ruction on the flute. When Frederick ascend- ed the throne, in 1740. the flautist was called to Berlin as chamber-musician and Court composer, which position he held till his death. His com- positions include 6 flute .sonatas with bass (1734), C duets for flutes (1759). choral melodies to 22 odes by Gellert (1760), and Application pour la flute traversic>-e ii deur clefs. Quantz im- proved the flute by the addition of a second key and the sliding top for tuning the instrument. QUAPAW. kwii'pa (from Vgaqpa, down- stream). A tril^e of Siouan stock (q.v.) promi- nent formerly, under the name of Arkansas, as the allies of the French in the early days of the Louisiana colony. The Quapaw, Omaha. Ponca, Osage, and Kaw speak dialects of the same lan- guage, and according to their traditions, borne out by historical evidence, formerly lived as one people in the ea.stern part of the United States, but migrated westward and separated near the mouth of the Ohio, where the Quapaw turned southward, while the others continued west or nortb. Under the name of Capaha they are men- tioned in the De Soto narrative of 1540: they were then located on the Mississippi apparently not far above Memphis. In 1818 they sold all of their claims in Arkansas, upper Louisiana, and on the east bank of the Mississippi, excepting a reservation extending from the Arkansas south- ward to the Saline River. They were then rapid- ly declining from whisky and wars with other trit)es. but were still estimated at 1000. They drifted westward until the remnant, a few hun- dred, including mixed bloods, was finally gathered upon their small reservation in the northeastern corner of the Indian Territory. In their former aboriginal characteristics and customs they re- sembled the Osage, but seem to have been of more warlike spirit and fixity of purpose. The few that remain appear to be prosperous and able to hold their own with their white neighbors. QUARANTINE (It. quarantina, from ML. quaranlena, period of forty days quarantine, niun- ber forty, Lent, from Lat. quadruyinla, for- ty). Originally, the period of forty days dur- ing which a ship arriving in port and sus- pected of being infected with a contagious or malignant disease was forbidden to land freight or passengers. From the second half of the 14th century, the Italian republics established quaran- tine regulations, directed toward the East against the invasion of i>estilence. In 1403 Venice insti- tuted the first maritime quarantine, followed by Genoa in 1467. During the latter part of the eighteenth century Austria stretched a perma- nent cordon of troops across her eastern frontier, but even this failed to shut out the plague, which ravaged her provinces. The example of the Ital- ian cities was early adopted by JIarseilles and an eflicient sj'stem of sanitary supervision was de- veloped, finally passing under the control of the sanitaiy magistrates. Other European seaport cities enforced rules and regulations of varying effectiveness. In 1850 delegates from the princi- pal States bordering the Mediterranean convened in Paris, and adopted a convention and code of international sanitaiy regulations, which was sub- sequently generally adopted by all powers and is enforced in their commercial relations with one another. These uniform regulations have relieved commerce from the restrictions which were imposed by the former conditions. Under its provisions a ship clearing is given a clean hill or a foul bill according as the port from which she sails is free or infected with a contagious disease, the plague, cholera, and yellow fever being espe- cially guarded against. Ships entering port are at once put imder quarantine, varying in length with the character of the contagion feared. For the plague, fiom 10 to 15 days is generally required; for yellow fever, 5 to 7 da3's : and for cholera, 5 days, including the term of the voyage. These periods may be modified somewhat according to the length of the voyage and the health prevailing during this time. Further regulations are laid down regarding the disinfecting and handling of merchandise in cargo. Special restrictions have also been adopted against the Oriental coun- tries, Egypt, and Turkey, and for this purpose sanitary boards are maintained in Alexandria, Constantinople, and other frequented ports, with physicians located in difterent parts of the coun- tries liable to epidemic diseases, whose duty it is to investigate and report to the local authorities and consular offices the condition of the general health. In modern usage the term quarantine is also applied to the sanitary rules and regulations adopted within a State to restrict the spread of contagious diseases within its own bomidaries. They are enacted by the State in the exercise of its sovereign right of police power (see Police Power), and so absolute is this that even sum- mary proceedings invading the rights of the in- dividual or destroying valuable property are up- hehl as constitutional. Besides the Federal quar- antine regulations providing for the protection of the United States in its intercourse with foreign nations, the various State jurisdictions have gen- eral statutes authorizing the organization of State