Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/610

* PUFENDORF. 532 PUG. moned to the University of Heidelberg, where the chair of the law of nature and of nations was created for him. In 1067 lie published, under the pseudonym of Severinus de Jlozambano, De Statu Imperii Qermanici, a merciless analysis of tlie anachronisms and absurdities of the Im- perial Constitution. This work aroused great at- tention and brought the author much fame and many enemies. In IG70 Pufendorf followed a call to the Swedish University of Lund. There he wrote De Jure Xaturce et Gentium (1G72) and De Officio Hominis et Civis (1073). In the former of these he makes an elaborate study of the origin of law, finding its threefold source in reason, the civil law, and revelation. He also did much to free the study of jurisprudence from the fantastic speculations of the theologians, and as a result was precipitated into bitter controver- sies with the representatives of the old order. In 1077 he became Councilor of State and ro3-al his- toriographer to the King of Sweden. There fol- lowed a number of impjirtant works, Einleitung ziir Bistorie der ^^oniehmsten Reiche unci Staciten (1082), De Rebus Suecicis (1086), and De Rebus a Carolo Gustavo Gcstis (1088). In De Hnbitu Cliristianw Religionis ad Vitam Civilem (1687) he upheld the right of the State as against the Church. He went to Berlin in 1086, summoned by the Great Elector, and after the latter's death in 1688 was made by his successor Privy Coun- cilor. He died in Berlin October 26, 1694.' The De Rebus Gestis Friderici Wilhehni Martiii and Dc Rebus Gestis Friderici III. appeared the year after his death. Consult: Treitschke, "Samuel von Pufendorf," in the Prcussische Jahrhileher (Berlin, lS7.i) ; Droysen, "Zur Kritik Pufen- dorfs," in Abhandlungen zur neueren Oeschichte (Berlin, 1876). PUFF. A bold and impudent literary hum- bug in Sheridan's farce The Critic, the "author of The Spanish Tragedy rehearsed in the play, and "a professor of the art of puffing." PUFF-ADBEE. An African viper {Bitis or Clotho arictans), which takes its name from its habit of lifting its head when approached, and menacing the enemy by hissing loudly with a puffing sound. It is a typical viper, biit has an unusually broad, triangular head, due to the excessive size of its poison sacs, and its bite is very dangerous. This shape, the large upturned nostrils, and cruel eyes give it an especially ugly appearance. It attains a length of four to five feet, and is often as thick as a man's arm. Its color is yellowish brown, checkered with reddish brown and white, making it very difficult to see as it lies on the ground. Its movements are gen- erally slow, and its habits are those of vipers generally. It is found all over Africa, except along the Mediterranean coast. Consult Hopley. Siial^cs (London. 1882). See Colored Plate of Foreign Venomous Serpents under S.nake. PUFFBALLS. Globular fungi occurring on the surface of the ground, and producing inter- nally innumerable minute spores, which usually escape through a definite opening at the top. See Basidiohycetes ; Mushroom. PUFF-BIRD. A barbet. especially of the family Bucconidse. These take their name from their habit of sitting motionless on a perch for hours at a time, with their feathers raised until the bird looks like a puffball. At the first alarm, the feathers flatten instantl.y. See Babbet and Plate of Trogox, Hoopoe, etc. PUFFER. See Globefish, and Plate of Plec- TOGNATu Fishes. PUFFIN (so called from its pufTed-out beak). An auk of the genus Fratercula, characterized by the high, compressed form of the beak. The best known is the common one {Fratercula arcti- CO) of the Arctic and north temperate regions generally, which migrates southward in winter as far as Spain and Long Island. It is a little larger than a pigeon; the forehead, crown, back of the head, a collar round the neck, the back, wings, and tail are black, the other parts of the plumage white. The puffin lays only a single egg in a burrow or some natural hole in a cliflf-faee, where great numbers congregate and behave like auks and guillemots (qq.v.). The eggs and young birds are sought after by fowlers for food. Other species are found in the Arctic and North Pacific oceans, coming to California in winter. Among the most notable are the crested putfin (Lunda k B£AE OF PUFFIN (Fpatercula Arctica). The left-hand figure sliows the appearance of the beak of the male in the breeding season, at the close of which all the parts lettered are separately molted. The appear- ance of the beak in the non-breeding season (winter) is shown in the right-hand figure. cirrhata), which has a long tuft of feathers on each side of the head, and the tufted puffin (Fratercula eorniculata) . This might more suitably be called 'horned' puffin, as each of its upper eyelids bears a slender, upright, acute horn (See Plate of Auks, Albatross, etc.), which, however, is only an appendage of the male in the breeding season, and drops off at its close, just as the special coatings and appendages of the beak and eyes in some other puffins are ac- quired in the spring and molted in the fall. PUG (variant of puck, from Ir. puca, Welsh pwea. pirci, goblin, sprite). A small, smooth, short-nosed house-dog. introduced into England probably from Holland, to which country it seems to have come, according to general testi- mony, from the East Indies. The breed was well established in England by the year 1700. and continued so from the reign of William II. to George II. By the first quarter of the nine- teenth century pugs had nearly or quite disa|)- peared from Great Britain. The fawn variety was reintroduced from Holland, and now there are two recognized strains — the Fawn and the Black (the latter brought from China about 1875 by Lady Brassey). An inferior quality has long been bred in Italy and in France, where they were called 'carlins,' after a celebrated Harle- quin. The pug is essentially a house-dog, and a very good one, and for that purpose a smaller dog than the standard allowed in competition (13 to 17 pounds) is the better. The general ap- pearance is that of a large-headed, smooth- coated, black-faced, pug-nosed, bright little dog,