Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/61

* PIN-MONEY. 41 PINOCHLE. to be used for a specific purpose, are usually considered as gifts, and become the separate property of the wife. See Dowhy; Ht.sband AND Wife. Consult the authorities referred to under Husband and Wife. PINNA (Lat. pinna, pina, from Gk. irli/fa, viva, sort of mussel). The popular and generic name of a group of marine mussels with verj' thin, wedge-shaped shells, tapering to a point at the hinge. The byssus is remarkably long and silky, and by it the species affix themselves to submarine rocks and other bodies, sometimes even to sandy or muddy bottoms. The best- known species is Pinmi nobilin, of the M^-diter- ranean, the byssus of which was occasionally used by the ancients for fabrics, chiefly as an article of curiosity. PINNACE (Fr. pinace, pinasse, from It. pt- na.ixn. pin<i:::ii. pinnace, pine, made of pine, from pino, from Lat. pinus, pine). Formerly a small two-masted vessel, fitted to ]te propelled by oars as well as sails, and generally employed as a tender to large ships. Tlie French armed pin- nace was iisvially of GO to 80 tons, and carried one large 24-pounder and about 100 men. In the United States Xa-j- the term pinnace is not used, but in the British Xavy it is still applied to a large carvel-built boat similar to the Ameri- can sailing launch. PINNACLE (Lat. pinnncitlum, diminutive of piiniri, feather, wing, pin. pen). A termination of tapering form crowning some arebilcctural member. Unknown to ancient art. it was oc- casionally used in the mediseval Mohammedan and Romanesque styles, but did not become com- mon until the Gothic period, when it became a most important decorative element of architec- ture. It crowned facade buttresses and flying buttress piers, it filled in the four corners of square towers at the spring of the polygonal spire, it rose as a termination of piers or shafts at gable corners. Groups of pinnacles were some- times profusely scattered over the roof, as at Milan Cathedral. Pinnacles were square, polyg- onal, or circular, with spires or gables crowned with finials ; they had either an open story or solid masonry with engaged eolonnettes and arcades. Sometimes they included a niche con- taining a statue. The main pinnacles on the buttress piers of Rheims Cathedral are 80 feet high. They are of all sizes, and of the greatest variety of form and decoration. PINNATED GROUSE. The prairie-chicken. See section on I'rnirie f'hicTcen, imder Grouse. PIN'NIPE'DIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. pinna, feather, fin -|- pea, foot). A section of Carnivora. comprising .seals, otaries, and wal- ruses, in which the fore and hind limbs arc short and expanded into broad, webl)ed swimming pad- dles. The hind feet are placed very far back, nearly in a line with the axis of the body, and somewhat incorporated with the tail by the in- teguments. The body is elongated and covered with short fur or hairs., and terminated by a short conical tail. The five toes of each foot are united by the skin and form powerful swimming paddles. The tips of the toes are armed with claws, but they have little power for land loco- motion, the typical seals being able only to drag themselves along when out of the water. The ears are small., often only indicated by aper- tures, which the animal can close under water. The dentition varies, but teeth of three kinds are always present. The canines are always long and pointed, and the molars have sharp cutting edges. The pinnipeds include three families, the ear- less seals (Phocidae), the eared seals or otaries (OtariidiB), and the walruses (Trichechida>). The seals ditVer from the walruses by having incisor teeth in both jaws, and moderate-sized canines, and from the otaries by the absence of ears and inability to use the hind limbs on land. The eared seals, sea-lions, or otaries differ from the typical seals by having small, conical ears, and in the greater use of the limbs, espe- cially the hind limbs, so that they are enabled to execute a sort of walk. Consult : Beddard, Mammalia (London, 1902); Allen, Mnnotjraph of yorth American Pinnipeds (Washington, 1880). See Seal; Waleus. PINNTJLE (from Lat. pinnula, diminutive of pinna, feather, wing, pin, pen). In a pinnately compound leaf, one of the subdivisions of the first divisions or pinna". The term has most frequent application among the ferns. PINOCHLE, pe'nft-k'l (Ger., of uncertain ety- mology). A game of cards. Where there are only two players, the game is opened by cutting for deal, which may be according to the highest card, all l)eing high, or by one of the players dealing the cards alternately, one at a time and face up- ward, the player to whom falls the first ace turned up winning the first deal. Below the ace, the cards decrease in value as follows: Ten, king, queen, knave, nine, eight, and seven. Each player receives eight cards, commencing with the eldest hand, by two and three at a time, after which the seventeenth card is turned up for trump and exposed on the table. Should the card so turned up be a seven, the dealer scores 10 points immediately. The eldest hand begins the game by leading, after which the lead gf)es to the winner of the preceding trick. After the trick is played each player draws a card from the top of the talon, the winner of the preceding trick first. The drawing is continued after each trick until the talon is finished. The winner of the previous trick must make his announcement before drawing from the talon, only one an- nouncement at a time being permissible. Xo more annoimcements can be made after the talon is exhausted, and suit must be followed, with the provision that if a player cannot fol- low suit, if possible he must play a trump. The face value of the cards is coiuited at the end of each game, and the points added to the value of the announcements and credited in the score; the winner of the last trick adds ten points additional. All announcements are based on the cards held in hand at the time of an- nouncing. The five highest trumps count 150; four aces 100; four kings SO: four queens 60; four knaves 40; pinochle, or queen of spades and knave of diamonds. 40; king and queen of trumps 40; king and queen of any other .suit 20. Seven of trumps counts 10. and. when duly announced for the turned-up card, is exchange- able. In this game .500 points constitute the game, and the player first making that score may throw down his hand and claim the game.