Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/607

PUEBLO. tribes, as the Hopi, the unmarried women are distinguished by a peculiar arrangement of the hair. They are all basket-makers, each pueblo having its own method or design. In variety of pattern and beauty of decoration they have developed the pottery art to a higher stage than was found anywhere else in the United States. Their men are also skillful wood-carvers, particularly in the shaping of ceremonial figurines. Their main dependence is agriculture, each pueblo cultivating its fields in common, usually by aid of irrigation from an adjoining stream, and producing corn and beans in many native varieties, with melons, squashes, and other vegetables, chile, tobacco, as well as peaches, introduced by the early Franciscan missionaries. The grinding of the meal upon stone metates and the baking of the bread upon heated slabs of stone occupies a large share of the woman's indoor time, while pottery and the field occupy her attention outside. The men, besides their field work, do the weaving and carving, besides procuring the wood, which must generally be brought from long distances on the backs of burros. The interval between crop seasons is given to a succession of elaborate and spectacular ceremonials, one of which, the (q.v.) of the Hopi, has achieved a national reputation. Most of these ceremonials are of a sacred character, being either invocations or thanksgiving for the rain and the crops, and each is in the keeping of a special secret society.

Family life is based upon the clan system, the number of clans being very large in proportion to the population, and the woman is the ruler of the household. The marriage ceremonial is elaborate, including feasting, processions, and dances, and only one wife is allowed. The government is by villages rather than by tribes, each pueblo having a peace chief or governor, assisted by councilors, together with a war chief.

The present number of the Pueblos is about 10,000. Excluding the seven Hopi (Moki) villages in Arizona, with 1840 souls, and the two Mexicanized pueblos of Isleta and Senecú below El Paso, the existing inhabitated pueblos number 18, all in New Mexico, as follows: Acoma, 650; Cochiti, 300; Isleta, 1120; Jemez, 450; Laguna, with sub-pueblos of Pahuate, Paraje, Casa Blanca, and others, 1080; Nambe, 100; Picur i s, 125; Sandia, 75; San Felipe, 550; San Ildefonso, 250; San Juan, 425; Santa Ana, 230; Santa Clara, 325; Santo Domingo, 1000; Sia, 125; Taos, 425; Tesuque, 100; Zuñi, 1540. They are classified by linguistic stocks as follows: Shoshonean; Mashongnivi, Shumopovi, Shupaulovi, Sichumovi, Oraibi, Walapi, Tañoan; Isleta (New Mexico), Isleta (Texas), Jemez, Nambe, Pecos (extinct), Picuris, Pojoaque (extinct), Sandia, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Clara, Senecú (Chihuahua, Mexico), Taos, Tesuque, Tewa or Hano (with Hopi, Arizona). These are grouped under five cognate languages, viz.: Tano or Tigua (Isleta, New Mexico; Isleta, Texas; Sandia); Taos (Taos, Picuris); Jemez (Jemez, Pecos); Tewa or Tegua (Nambe, Pojoaque, San Juan, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Tesuque, Tewa or Hano); Piro (Senecú); Keresan (Acoma, Cochiti, Laguna, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo, Sia); Zuñian (Zuñi). See colored Plate of, under Zuñi Pueblo.  PUEBLO. The second largest city of Colorado, the county-seat of Pueblo County, and an important commercial and industrial centre, 120 miles south by east of Denver (Map:, E 2). Situated in a small basin near the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains and on both sides of the Arkansas River, at the junction of the Fontaine qui Bouille, Pueblo enjoys a natural location for a great railway and business centre. Its transportation facilities comprise the Denver and Rio Grande, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and the Colorado and Southern. The vicinity to the east is interested to a very large extent in stock-raising, and to a somewhat important degree in agriculture. Near the city are deposits of coal, limestone, and oil, and the tributary region includes very highly productive mineral districts. Pueblo is the great distributing and receiving point for this section of vast natural wealth. It has become known as the ‘Pittsburg of the West,’ being famous for its iron and steel, and smelting industries. There are in the city several smelters producing lead, silver, and gold, zinc, and copper; the immense plant of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, which manufactures various iron and steel products; foundries and machine shops, including railroad car shops; manufactories of fire-brick, glass, woolens, furniture, etc.; and large stock yards. According to the census of 1900, an aggregate capital of $12,374,000 was invested in these industries, which had a production valued at $30,795,000, the output of the lead smelting and refining works alone amounting to nearly $20,000,000.
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Pueblo has the McClellan Public Library, with more than 12,000 volumes; law libraries; the State Insane Asylum and several other charitable institutions; and the State Mineral Palace and Park. In the building last mentioned is a complete collection of the minerals of Colorado. The government, under a charter of 1887, is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council, and in administrative officers. Fire department officials, the police judge, and city physician are elected by the council, which also confirms the mayor's nominations of police officials. The engineer, auditor, treasurer, and clerk are chosen by popular election. There are two systems of water-works, one of which is owned by the municipality. A few Mormons settled temporarily on the site of Pueblo in 1846, and about 1850 a trading post was established here, the inhabitants of which, however, were massacred by the Ute Indians in 1854. The present city was laid out in 1859 and was chartered in 1873. In 1887 Pueblo, South Pueblo, and Central Pueblo were consolidated. Population, in 1890, 24,558; in 1900, 28,157.  PUELCHE, (eastern people). A people of Araucan stock roving over the pampas region of the Rio Negro, Southern Argentina. They are so called in distinction from the cognate Moluche, or ‘western people,’ in and west of the Andes. Those living in the foothills of the Andes are frequently also distinguished as Pehuenche, ‘pine forest people.’ In language and general characteristics they differ but slightly from the others of the same stock, but are rather wilder than those of Chile, spending much of their time on horseback and seldom staying long in one place. They carry on a considerable