Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/59

* PING- YANG. most important city in llie country after Han- syeng Pii, tlie Seoul or capital (Map: Korea, G 4). It stands in an undulating plain on the right bank of the Ta-tong River, about 30 miles above its mouth. Its walls are 20 feet high, run parallel with the river for about 2Vi miles, and are loop-holed and battlemented and pierced with several gates with imjiosing towers. The streets are laid out at right angles. P'ing-yitng is the most ancient city of Korea, Ki-ja (see Ki-tse), the reputed founder of Korean civilization, hav- ing landed here some time after B.C. 1122. The superstitious notion is held by Koreans that the city is boat-shaped (representing the craft on which Ki-ja arrived from China) and that it is the height of good sense not to sink wells within the city lest the vessel be scuttle<l. The water supply of the inhabitants is, therefore, carried in from outside. Two large stone posts about IV2 miles above the town are supposed to be the mooring posts. The tomb of Ki-ja is one of the sights of the city. P'ing-yang is open to foreign- ers, and nuich successful missionary and educa- tional work is carried on. The city is regarded as the military key to Korea, and in consequence it has suffered much from ^ar. A great battle was fought here in 1593 between the Chinese troops sent to succor Korea during Hideyoshi's invasion and the Jap- anese troops under Konishi : and the principal bat- tle of the .Tapanese-Korea-Chinese War of 1894-05 was fought here September 16, 1894. resulting in the utter defeat of the Chinese, who lost 4000 men. A handsome stone monument in memory of the Chinese General Tso, who led the cavalry, has been erected on the spot where he died, and on a lofty knoll within the city is a monolith erected by the Japanese to their dead. PINK (from pink, to puncture, to pierce; so called from the jagged edges of the petals), Dian- ihus. A genus of about 70 annual and perennial plants of the natural order Caryophynace;p, chietly natives of Europe and the temperate parts of Asia. Their beautiful and often fra- grant solitary or clustered flowers are borne at the ends of the branches, and have attracted ad- miration in all ages, some of the species having been long cultivated in gardens. Their cultiva- tion has given rise to many varieties, including single and double forms of many different colors. The species Dinnthus CnrifophtiUux. including the well-known and widely cultivated carnation (q.v.). clove pink, picotee, or grenadine, is na- tive to Southern Europe, where it is found grow- ing wild on rocks and old walls. The common pink, also called feather pink (Dinnthun plu- marius), is the parent species of many cultivated forms. This has always been a favorite orna- mental plant on account of its hardiness and the beauty and fragrance of its blossoms. It dif- fers frnni the foregoing species in having rough- margini'il leaves and fringed petals. Nearly al- lied to (he common pink is Dianlhus suprrbus, found in moist places in some parts of Europe and often grown in flower-borders. The maiden pink IDianthux (hUoidpx) is a low -growing per- ennial frequently cultivated for its dense masses of le.ives and flowers. The China or Indian pink (Dianthus chinensi.i) has long been in cultivation and numerous dwarf and double and single flow- ered varieties of many varied colors have been de- veloped. The sweet William, or bunch pink (Di- 39 PINKERTON. unthus barbatusj, is a popular species of easy cultivation and abounds in country gardens. Its flowers are crowded into dense flat clusters at the top of the stem. The varieties are exceeding- ly minierous and include many highly developed forms. The Ueptford pink {Diiinlhu.i Armeria) is a small European species which has become ['INK (Diantbns plomarias), naturalized in the Eastern United States. Pinks prefer a rather light sandy loam soil. They are propagated from seeds and from cuttings. If the plants are to flower the same season the seeds are sown in heat during February, transplanted when the plants are large enough, and hardened gradually to cool culture until ilay, when they are set out. Seeds sown in the open dtiring sum- mer produce plants which blossom the following year. The yoimg plants of outdoor sowings are also transplanted as soon as they become crowded and finally transferred to their flowering position in fall, ilany varieties of pinks are grown as greenhouse plants, and these are generally in- creased by layers or cuttings. PINK'ERTON, Allan (1819-84). A Scot- tish-American detective, born in Gla.sgow, Scot- land. In 1842 he emigrated to America to escape punishment for his part in the Chartist Move- ment, and soon afterwards settled in Chicago, where he opened a detective agency. Before the outbreak of the Civil War he had become widely lcnovn. and in 18G1 he guarded President Lin- coln during the latter's journey to Washington for the inauguration. Soon afterwards he was commissioned to organize the Federal Secret Service Department, of which he was made the head. During all this time he continued his private detective agency in Chicago, and estab- lished branch agencies in other important cities. When the changed industrial conditions that fol- lowed the war led to strikes and violence, he or- ganized a force of armed men which he hired to emi)loyers and corporations for the protec- tion of their property. This mercenary force. kno«-u as 'Pinkerton's Men,' played a conspicu- ous part in some of the most important labor disturbances of the last quarter century, notably in the suppression of the Molly ilaguires (q.v.)