Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/569

* PBYOR. 499 PSALMODY. a paper called The South, in which his advocacy of extreme States-rights views brought him into national prominence. In 1S58 he was elected to Congress, and was reelected in 1860. and brought upon hiinselt' considerable ridicule by cliallenging to a duel John ¥. Potter, a Republican Congress- ■ man from Wisconsin, and then refusing to meet him wlien Potter proposed that the duel be fought with bowie knives in a dark room. When Vir- ginia seceded, he returned Soutli. where he was elected to the Provisional Confederate Congress and the first regular Confederate Congress. Ap- pointed colonel of a Virginia regiment, he par- ticipated in the campaigns about Richmond, dis- tinguished iiimself in the battles of Villiam.sburg and Sharpsburg, and was brevetted brigadier- general, but resigned his commission in 1S63 as a result of a quarrel with President Davis. He soon enlisted again as a private in Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry, and was captured and confined for some months in Fort Lafaj'ette. Returning South on parole, he advised the South to suljmit. After the war he settled in New York, where he engaged in newspaper work, and studied law. Admitted to the bar, he rose rapidly to a prominent place in his professfon, and in 1800 he was appointed by Governor Hill a judge of the Court of Connnon Pleas, in 1891 was elected to the same office for a fourteen-year term, and under the provision.s of the new Constitution of 1894 was transferred as a Justice to the reor- ganized Supreme Court. He retired from the bench on account of age in 1899. PKYTANEXTM: (Lat., from Gk.7rpuTam0c.prj/- taneion, from Trpiiravi!, prytrniis. Lesl)ian ■n-p6Tai'i!, protanifi. presiding officer, from 7rp6, pro, before). A public building in various Greek cities, espe- cially one in ancient Athens, where the State extended the rites of hospitality to foreigners and citizens of distinction. PKZEMYSL. pshe'mizl. A fortified town in the Crownland of Galicia, Austria, situated on the San, 54 miles west of Lemberg (Map: Austria, H 2). It is the seat of a Roman Catholic and a Greek Orthodox bishop, and has a number of old churches and monasteries, a higher g nnasium, a seminary for teachers, etc. Its manufactures include machinery, spodium, licpieurs, fiour. and naphtha. There is a consid- erable trade in wood, grain, leather, and linen. Population, in 1890, 35,209; in 1900, 40.349 inchuling 8514 military. PRZHEVALSKI, przha-val'y'-ske, Nikolai lIiKn.viLOVTTCU (1839-88). A Russian explorer, born of Polish parents at Kimbrovo, in the Government of Smolensk. He was educated at the Gymnasiiun of Smolensk, entered the mili- tary academy at Saint Petersburg, and from 1804 to 1866 lectured on history and geography in the Warsaw Cadet School. In 1867 he vol- unteered for service in Eastern Siberia, whei'e he explored and botanized for two years in the valley of the Ussuri, publishing his Notes on the Ussuri on his return to Saint Petersburg. This book irave much vahiable infnniiatinn on Northern Manchuria, and the Russian Geographi- cal Society awarded him a medal for a paper written on the native population of that region. Ill 1870 he started on his first expedition to Central Asia, and traveled for three years in the west-central part of the Chinese Empire. The results of his explorations were published in his Travels in Mongolia, which is the standard work on that part of the Empire. In 1870-77 he rediscovered the Lob-nor and traced the course of the great river Tarim, which enters that lake after draining the whole of Chinese Turkestan. He also reached the Altyn-Tagh range, which forms one of the northern barriers of Tibet. Tliis great journey is recorded in his book From Kulja Across the Tian-Hhan to Lob-nor. In his third expedition (1879-1880) he explored the sources of the Hoanglio and a part of Eastern Tibet, and attem|)ted to reach Lhasa from the north, but was unable to prijceed farther than the region of the Kuku-nor, where he was de- serted by his guide and suffered terrible hard- ships. His fourth journey (1883-85) extended from Kiaklita to the sources of the Jloang-lio, in- cluding the exploration of Northern Tibet. He crossed the Ciobi waste, discovered the water parting between the upper courses of the Hoang and Yangtse rivers, and found the wild camel. Another attempt on this journey to reach Lliasa was unsuccessful. He was preparing for another journey into Tibet when lie died of typlioid fever on the .shores of Lake Issik-kul, at the town of Karakol. which, in 1893, was renamed Przlicvalsk in his honor. He received the highest medals of the leading geographical and many other scientific societies, was pensioned by his Ciovernment. and was promoted to the rank of major-general. The Russian Imperial Academy of Science struck a special medal in liis honor as the first explorer of the natural features of Central Asia. PSALMANAZAR, sal'ma-na'zer, Geokge (1079-1763). A celebrated impostor, born ]iroljabl,y in Languedoe. He received a good education from the Jesuits, but w-as idle and jdeasure-loving, spent his youth in wander- ing over a great part of Europe, as pilgrim, beggar, soldier, tutor, and servant, living for the most time in great want. At the ,age of twenty or thereabouts he began to mas- querade as a Japanese convert from Formosa, assumed the name of Psalmanazar. was brought to England, and introduced to the Bi.shop of London by a certain Innes. chaplain of a regi- ment, whom he had met at Sluis. The Anglican Churcli rejoiced in the rescued heathen and sent him to Oxford to pursue his studies. Psalma- nazar published a fabulous geography of For- mosa, as well as a Formosan grammar and dialect specially inveuted by himself, and also an account of the Formosan religion and cus- toms. About 1710, however, he seems to have repented of his continued fraud, confessed his guilt, and become truly religious. By acting as editor and compiler he made a comfortable liv- ing, and retained the esteem which he had gained under false pretenses. In 1764 appeared his memoirs under the title Memoirs of * * * Commonly Knoirn bp the Name of Geort/c Psal- manazar. These give no hint of his real name or birthiilace. PSALMODY (ML. psahnodin. from Gk. ^toX- /UfSla. a singing of psalms, from ^aXjiiis, psalmos, ])saliii. hymn, song, frcmi l'deiv, psnllein, to play on a stringed instrument -|- USeii', adeiii, dflSeiv, aeidein. to sing). In its widest .sense, the singing of the Psalms of the Bible or other sacred songs in worship : often restricted, how- ever. to the singinar of metrical versions of the Psalms to short, simple airs. See Hymnology; Hymn-Ti-nes ; Worship.