Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/55

* PINE. much resembling the white pine in botanical char- acters, anil attaining a height of 'JU to 120 feet, abounds in Uliotan, but is not found in the neigh- boring countries of Sikkim and Nepal. The wood is durable, close-grained, and so resinous as to be used for tlambeaux and candles. The cheer pine {Pinus loniji(uliu) of India, where it is often cultivated as an ornamental tree, is of graceful appearance. It is abundant on the crests of hills in the lower Himalayas, growing at a lower elevation than other pines. It is much valued for its resin, and the wood is used in India as a substitute for Euro[)ean deal. Of the European species introduced into the United States, the .Scotch pine has proved best adapted to the climate and soils. It is frequently planted as an ornamental. Finns Laricio has been intro- duced into the United States, and its variety austriaai. known as the .Austrian pine, appears especially adajjted to the prairie regions. The dwarf pine U'>n"i I'umilio) is an alpine species whose stems are usually prostrate. PINE, .JoHX (1090-1756). An English en- graver, born in London. He wa.s probably a pupil of Picarl of .Vmsterdani, as his style re- sembles that master's. He was an intimate friend of Hogarth, who painted him in '"The Gates of Calais." Pine's most important works were: "The Ceremonies of the Order of the Bath" (1730) ; a facsimile of the Magna Charta( 173.3) ; a famous edition of Horace with the text engraved throughout, and illustrations from the antique and from Italian scenery (1733-37) : The Tapes- try flaiifiinf/s of the House of Lords (1739), a work of especial value, as the" tapestries were afterwards burned; and a Plan of London (1746 and 1755). PINE, RoBEKT Edge (1730 or 1742-90). An English portrait painter, born in London. He was the son of .John Pine, the engraver, and probably his ptipil. It is not known whether he had other instruction. After winning a prize with his "Surrender of Calais" and "Canute Re- proving His Courtiers," he painted several por- traits, such as those of George II., of the Duke of Northumberland, and of Garrick (in the Xational Portrait Gallery), and a series of scenes from Shakespeare, some of which after- wards appeared in Boydell's Shakesiieare. About 17S3 he came to America and settled in Phila- delphia. His intention was to depict some events in the American Revolution, with portraits stud- ied from life, but his time was completely taken up with portraiture. In this line his works in- clude portraits of General Gates. Charles Car- roll. Baron Steuben. Robert Morris, George Read, Thomas Stone, and Washington (1785). The latter was engraved for Irving's Life of Wash- iiiyton : but, although valuable from an historic standpoint, it is not an impressive canvas, as the modeling is weak and hp missed the per- sonality of his sitter, .fter Pine's death many of his pictures were collected in the Columbian Museum in Boston, since burned. Constilt Tuckerman, Book of the Artists (New York, 1867). PINEAL BODY (from Lat. pinea. pine-cone, from pinus. pine* . or PiNT;.t.is. The pineal body, improperly called pineal 'gland' and most prop- erly knovn as the epiphysis, is an unpaired, up- ward and forward outgrowth of the 'twixt-brain 35 PINEAPPLE. of vertebrates. It appears as a small, ovoid, conical body of a reddish color, projecting down- ward and backward between the anterior pair of corpora quadrigemina. Its function is not known, but it is regarded as a rudimentary sense-organ and probabl}' an eye. In many fossil mannnals and reptiles there occurs a depression or hollow in the [wirietal bone known as the pari- etal foramen, which is thought to have contained such an eye. This view is supported by the fact that in some lizards, and especially in the New Zealand sphenodon (see TuA-r.K.v ), a parietal organ of this kind is well develo[)ed, although it lies beneath the skin and is doubtfuU.v functional. Where the parietal eye is thus developed, it is connected with the brain by a special nerve, and both are formed from the epiphysis. In other eases, where there is no parietal ej'e, the epi^)hy- sis is frequently quite short and is sometimes hollow, the cavity being knorni as the pineal ven- tricle. PINEAPPLE (.S. pinwppel, from pin, pine + (cpprl, apple). The fruit of Ananas sativus, the pineapple plant, which grows from 2 to 4 feet high, producing a single axis to which are attached long, still', rough-edged, sword-shaped leaves. The individual plant produces only a single very fragi-ant and palatable fruit, which varies greatly in size, 4 to 5 inches being the usual diameters and to 10 inches the prevailing lengths of ordinary market specimens. Very large specimens may weigh 15 to 20 pounds. The pine- apple is a native of tropical .-merica, and is widely grown in warm climates. Formerly it was an important European greenhouse crop, and the fruits tiius |>roduccd were of superior <|UaIity ; but with the improvement of transportation facil- ities less attention is given to its culture under glass than formerly. The West Indies, Bahama Islands, Florida, Azore Islands, and parts of Northern Africa are the principal regions of pro- duction for European and American markets. pu<e.ipPLE {Anaoas sativBs). Queensland supplies the Australian market. In 1899, 14.699.931 jilants were growing in Florida, California, and Hawaii. Statistics for other countries are not at hand, but the production is increasing each year. The pineapple succeeds only in regions where frosts do not occur. - climate having an alternate wet and dry season, with a mean annual temperature of 75^ to S0° K.. a])pcars most favorable. In ueens|and the best pineapples are grown in localities having a mean less than 70°. The plant requires a porous, well- drained soil, otherwise it thrives on a great va-