Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/547

* PROVENgAX LITEEATTJEE. 479 PROVEEB. For modern Provencal literature, see Feli- BEIGE. Bibliography. Fr. Diez_, Die Poesie der Troti- banis (2d ed., by Bartsch, Leipzig, 1883) ; id., Leben und Werke der Troubadours (2d ed. by Bartsch. ib.. 1882) ; Fauriel, Histoire litterairc des troubadours (3 vols., Paris, 1844; Eng. trans, by Adier, New York, 1860), a work which, though brilliant, loses through hazardous theoriz- ing; Bartsch, Grundriss zur GeschicMe der pro- venzalischen Litteratur (Elberfeld, 1872); Res- tori, Letteratura Provenzale (Milan, 1891). of which there is also a French translation (Slontpellier, 1894), perhaps the best brief treatment of the subject ; Stimming, '"Proven- zalische Litteratur," in Grober, Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, vol. ii. (Strassburg, 1892-98) ; and the Encyelojxedia Britannica (9th ed. ) . "Provencal Literature," by Paul Meyer. Gas- ton Paris, in his iledieeval French Liferafu re (Lon- don, 1902 ), treats Provencal literature as a branch of the old French. In addition to these works, collections of poems have been published by Ray- nouard, Choix des pofsies originates des trouba- dours (6 vols., Paris, 1816-21), and in the first volume of his Lexique roman (6 vols., ib., 1844) ; and by Mahn, Werhe der Troubadours (4 vols., Berlin. 18.53.56), and Gedichte der Troubadours (Berlin, 18.56-73). There are also editions of many indi-idual troubadours and of several of the longer epic and didactic works. Several of the manuscripts have also been printed diplo- matically. The best introductoiy selection of old Provencal poetiy and prose is Appel, Proven- zalische Chrestomathie, mit Abriss der Formen- lehre und Glossar (Leipzig. 1895), of which the first part of a second edition appeared in 1902. Consult also the authorities referred to under Teoubadoubs. PEOVENCE (Lat. ProiiHci'a, province). For- merly a province of Southeastern France, com- prising the present departments of Basses-Alpes, Var. and Bouehes-du-Ehone. and parts of the de- partments of Vaucluse and Alpes-Maritimes. The name Gallia Provincia or simply Provincia was I given to the country by the Romans, who, about B.C. 120. subdued the territory later constituting Provence, Dauphine, and Languedoc. Aquae Sex- tise (Aix) was the capital of the new province. During the movement of Germanic peoples in the fourth century the Roman power and the name Provincia were restricted to the southeastern por- tions of this territory lying between the Rhone, the Durance, and the Mediterranean Sea, and with the fall of Aries about 470 this portion, too. passed into the hands of the Visigothic in- vaders. After being held from 510 to 536 by the great Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths, the region passed to the Prankish kings, in whose many partitions it was repeatedly par- celed out. It was saved from the Saracens by the famous ^-ictory of Charles Martel (732). By the partition of Verdun Provence fell to Lothair; it was seized by Charles the Bald in 863. and in 879 attained the rank of a kingdom under Boso, being knovn as the Kingdom of Provence or Cisjurane Burgundy. (See BrBorxDT. ) This was united with Transjurane Burgundy in 933 to form the Kingdom of Aries, which existed for 100 years. Soon after the extinction of the Ar- letan realm the counts of Provence became hered- itary feudal princes. They ruled in practical in- dependence until 1112, when, upon the failure of male issue, the county passed to Ramon Beren- guer (Raymond Berengar), Count of Barcelona, whose male line became extinct in 1245, in the person of Ramon Berenguer IV. His daughter, Beatrice, brought Provence in marriage to Charles of Anjou (q.v. ), whose last direct de- scendant, Joanna I. of Xaples, made Louis of Anjou her heir (1382). Best known among the counts of the House of Anjou was Rene I. (q.v.), the last of the troubadours, whose Court became the home of a splendid cul- ture. Rene left an only daughter, JIargaret of Anjou, and in 1481 Provence fell to France, be- ing formally reunited in 1486. In the life of the French nation the inhabitants of Provence have played their full share, exercising no inconsider- able influence on the development of politics, art, and literature. With the shrewd Xorman. the wily Gascon, and the well-fed burgher of Tou- raine, the hot-blooded, poetic, eloquent Proven- cal ranks as one of the great national types, which has received concrete form in Alphonse Daudet's undying Tartarin. Bibliography. Fabre, Bistoire de Provence (ilarseilles, 1833-35) ; Lenthfric, La Provence maritime, ancienne et moderne (Paris, 1880) ; Berenger-Feraud, Reminiscences populaires de la Provence {Paris, 1885) ; Robida, La vieille France (Provence, 1893) ; Castanier, Histoire de la Pro- vence dans Vantiquite (Paris, 1893-96) ; Ribbe, La soeicte provenzale a la fin du moyen age (Paris, 1898) ; Poupardin, Le royaume de Pro- vence sous les Carolingiens (Paris, 1901) ; Oddo, La Provence (Paris, 1902). PEOVENCE, Cor>-T of. The title borne pre- vious to his accession by Louis XVIII. of France. PROVEEB ( OF., Fr. proverbc, from Lat. pro- verhiuiii, adage, from pro, before, for + rer6«m, word). A short, sententious phrase or clause long current in common speech. The last phrase, 'long current in common speech,' serves to dif- ferentiate the proverb from the multitude of happy expressions in literature which never be- come permanently fixed in popular usage. "Pa- tience on a monument" is a happy phrase, often quoted by literary men. but it is not a proverb. "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush" is a proverb. Another frequent characteristic of proverbs is alliteration or rhymes or rhyth- mic balance. Thus, "Where there's a will there's a way" shows alliteration ; "Birds of a feather flock together" shows both rhyme and rhu-thm; and "Out of sight out of mind" shows rhythmic balance. Whence comes the proverb? Lord Russell suggests the apparent origin in the plirase 'the wit of one.' Some one gives apt expres- sion to a general truth or to an apparent truth ; taken up by others, it spreads far and wide. Saint Jerome is said to have originated "To make a virtue of necessity." In Sterne's Sentimental Journey occurs the most beautiful English proverb. "God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb." And it is assigned either to Sterne or to the Bible, where it does not occur. It is found in George Herbert's Jacula Pru<lentum (1640). under the form. "To a close-shorn sheep God gives wind by measure." Herbert clearly took It from the French. "Dieu mesnre le froid a la brehis tondue" (sixteenth century). From this point the proverb may be followed back to