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* PROTECTION. 465 PROTECTIVE COLORATION. are, however, indications that as time goes on the areas embraced withiu protectionist barriers in different parts of the world ill Ije enlarged. In Europe there is already agitation for a federa- tion of important States for the purpose of erect- ing an unbroken tariff bulwark against the 'American invasion.' In Great Britain an im- perial federation to include all of the depen- dencies of the countiy in a commercial alliance against the rest of the world is beginning to be advocated. Finally, the policy of e.pansion upon which the United States seems to be embarked must have as one of its incidents the admission of new areas within the American tariff wall. As protectionist areas grow, the difficulty of har- monizing divergent interests by means of pro- tective tariffs is bound to increase, and this affords perhaps the surest ground for a belief in the eventual triumph of free trade. BnsLioGBAPiiT. Hamilton, Keporl on the Sub- ject of Muniifactures (1700), reprinted in Taus- sig, Htnte Papers and Speeches on the Tariff (Cambridge. 1892); List, Outlines of American Political Economy (Philadelphia, 1827); id.. Das nationale System der politischen Oekonomie I 1841 ; trans., Xational Systetn of Political Econ- 'iiny, Philadelphia, 1856) ; Carey, Harmony of Interests (2d ed.. Xew York, 18.361 ; id.. Princi- ples of Social Science (3 vols., Philadelphia,- '*.58-59) ; Phillips. Propositions Respecting Pro- • tion and Free Trade (Bosten, 18.50) ; Thomp- n, Protection of Home Industry (Xew York, 1885) ; Patten, The Economic Basis of Protection (Philadelphia, 1890). PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION, Americax. A secret organization, commonly known as the A. P. A., which was formed in the United States to combat the influence of Roman Catholicism. Its platform, as published by a Supreme Coimcil held at Des Moines, Iowa, in May, 1894, stated that "subjection to and support of any ecclesias- tical power not created and controlled by Ameri- can citizens is irreconcilable with American cit- izenship." that State assistance to parochial schools and Church interference with public edu- cation are undesirable, and that restrictions ought to be imposed on immigration. Candidates for admission into the* order were required to take oath never to favor or aid the choice of a Roman Catholic to political office, and never to employ a Roman Catholic in any capacity if the senices of a Protestant could be obtained. The order was first established at Clinton. Iowa, in 1887. It obtained its greatest foothold in the Middle West, but it extended even to Canada, England, and Australia, and an international or- ganization was ultimately effected. In 1896 its president. Y. J. H. Traynor, claimed for it a membership of almost 2.500.000. The methods which it used to extend its influence are thus de- scribed by a writer in The Xation: "Documents purporting to be authoritative utterances of the Soman Catholic hierarchy were passed from hand to hand. Xo one could tell where these were printed or who was responsible for them. One was entitled 'Instructions to True Catholics;' another purported to be an encyclical letter from the Pope, calling upon the faithful to rise on a certain date (September 13. 1893) to massacre all Protestant heretics. Certain newspapers, filled with similar literature, with the most alarming reports of Roman (Catholics drilling and arming in preparation for an outbreak, and making the most shocking charges against priests and nuns, were sent to prominent persons and distributed from hand to hand. Accompanying these were exaggerated reports of the number of Roman Catholics holding public office." The or- der soon began to interfere in politics, and forced many candidates for office to promise to act in accordance with its principles. In 189C its presi- dent claimed that almost one hundred of the Xa- tional Representatives and many ot the .Senators chosen in 1894 had given such pledges, although many had broken them. For a time it seemed that the order would probably run a similar course to the Know-Xothings (q.v. ), with which it was often compared. Soon, however, the de- nunciations of clear-sighted, influential men. and the realization that the dangers dreaded were al- most if not altogether imaginary, had their effect, and the decline of the oriler was even more rapid than its rise. Affiliated with the A. P. A. were the United Order of American ilechanics, the Patriotic Order of the Sons of America, and other orsianizations. PROTECTIVE COLORATION AND RE- SEMBLANCE. All organisms are beautifully adapted to the world around them, and this adaptation in a large proportion of animals ex- tends to their colors. The adaptive coloration of animals, the harmony in tint and form with the trees or herbs on which they live, the moss-gro«Ti rocks among which they hide, or the sand over which they run, are a part of the general adaptation or harmony in nature. A desert ani- mal is of a sandy complexion, a silkworm moth is brown, and the zebra, tiger, leopard, and butter- flies are striped and barred or spotted, in response to the same agencies of light, heat or cold, moisture or dryness, that have had to do with the origin of species. Owing to this adaptive color- ation, certain insects, frogs, reptiles, birds, and mammals are protected from the observation of their natural enemies. In marine fishes the groimd coloration is, according to Jordan, protective in its nature. The fish, especially if swimming near the bottom, is better protected if the olivaceous surface is marked by darker cross sheaths and blotches. These give the fish, he says, a closer resemblance to the weeds about it, or to the sand or rocks on which it lies. As a rule no fish which lies on the bottom is ever uniformly colored. At a depth of from 50 to 150 fathoms in the tropics a large proportion are red of various shades. Several of the large groupers of the West Indies are rep- resented by two color forms; the shore form is olive green, and the deeper-water form is crim- son. Deep-sea pikes are black or violet black, with no markings. Desert animals are gray or tawny or sandy; forest animals are green, ma- rine animals olive or reddish, pelagic animals transparent, while tjje typical .rctic mammals and birds are white: the white color of their feathers or fur was undoubtedly primarily due to the cold of the glacial period. The polar bear, hare, snowj' owl. and Greenland falcon are white throughout the year, while the fox, lemming, American hare, ermine stoat, and ptarmigan change their summer dress of russet to white. There has been much discussion as to the causes of the white color of Arctic animals. It is by many attributed to cold, and this is evidently the primary cause, but to cold we should add dryness.