Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/514

* PRONUNCIATION. 446 PRONUNCIATION. sound 01 e docs not liavt liii.' glide that is heard in a in Eujzlish, as in dati; and care should be takon not to pronounce a with this glide when that cliaracter is used in the respelling of foreign words in this book. In indicating the pronun- ciation of French, the cliaracter a is used both for the short and long quantity of this sound. In l''rench final c unaccented is silent, and h is usually silent or is nuich obscured when it ends a syllable other than the last. It is also nearly silent in Portuguese when linal. In Rus- sian e is like t/c in yet when it follows d. t. I, or II, or when it is at the beginning of a syllable. In modern Greek it has the values of e in pet and of I in machine. t in French is like a in savior. t and fi in French are like o in cerate or e in there. E in Polish is like e in pet, nasalized. See Jf, below. E in Bohemian is like ye in yet. EAU in French is like o in no. See AU, above. EEUW in Dutch is like a in fate followed closely by (Dutch) w. See w, below. When the «■ is followed by an obscure" e the w has a more consonantal sound. EI in French is like a in cerate; in German. Butch, and Welsh, like i in ridr : and elsewhere it is generally a proper diphthong like ay in fuy. EIN in French = IN, below. EN in French =: an, above: in Portuguese it is like a in cerate, nasalized. See N, below. EiT in French and Dutch is nearly e in her, and equiv.ilent to 6, below; in German, like oi in hoil ; in modern Greek {representing ev), like er be- fore a vowel or sonant consonant, and like ef before a surd, eu is otherwise gcnerall}- a diph- thong composed of the sounds a and oo, more or less closely united. G is as g in go, get, in all the European lan- guages before a, o, or u; and also in Gennan whenever initial or followed by a vowel or liquid in the same syllable: in Swedish before «, or final after a vowel, or before c or i when short (except in gr) ; in Polish, before e and i ,• in Hun- garian always, except in oY. (See below.) Be- fore e, i, or y in French ( see ge, below ), Span- ish, Portuguese, Rumanian, and Swedish (also in Swedish before « or 6 or after 7 or r at the end of a primitive word or syllable), it is equivalent to / (see .1, below) in the same language; in modern Greek it is like y in yes. Before e or i in Italian it is like ; in jet. In Dutch g regularly has the voiced sound of the German cit or final g. In German g also has a guttural sound, made between the back of the tongue and the soft palate, which may be voiced, as when medial after back vowels (a, o, « ), ' or luivoiced, as w hen final after a, o, or u: and a fricative sound 7nade between the hard palate and the tongue, which may be similarly voiced, as when medial after front vowels (e, i, o, or i, or unvoiced, as when final after e. i. o, ii, or a consonant. (See the Key to Pronunciation.) German ch is pro- nounced like g in these positions. GH is like g in game in Italian and Ruma- nian ; in Irish it is like h, more or less strongly aspirated. GLi in Italian when followed by a vowel has the sound of Vi in million: if no vowel follows, the usual sound of i (Italian) is also added. GN in French and Italian is like ni in union. See N and Nil, below. GU before e, i, or y is like g in go in French, unless followed by a consonant or e, when the u has its usual value; likewise in Spanish, unless the diaeresis is ])ut upon the u (ii), when the gu is as gic in Oirilt, as it is also before o, o, or u; and in Portuguese. In Italian gu is like gw in Guilt before all vowels. GY in Hungarian has the value of d followed by consonant i/. II in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese is silent, or nearly so, except as it is considered in the various combinations ch, gh, III, nh, etc.; in German it is silent between two vowels in the same word, except when fol- lowed by ei; in East Indian words it is generally pronounced like h in hat, distinctly heard in all situations, as after 6, d, t, etc.; final h is often pronounced in Arabic and Persian names, prop- erly with a harshly aspirated sound not heard in English ; in Swedish h is silent before /. I is usually like i in pique or i in hit; and sometimes like e in set, as in -ling, -ding, in Danish names. IE is like ie in field always when final in French, and when medial in German, and before r in Dutch ; and often when final in German. lEN in French is as IN (see below) preceded by consonant y. IJ in Dutch is nearly as i in ride. IL final and ill medial in French are as y in yet, strongly jironounced when following a pro- nounced vowel, and elsewhere as i in pique followed by the y sound. Formerly the / was also heard, as in Eng. million, and this pronun- ciation is still adhered to by some. IM, IN, in French is a as in bat, nasalized. See N, below. J in German, Dutch (see u, above), Italian, Swedish, Xorwegian, Dani.sh, Hungarian, and Polish is like y in yet; in F^rench, Portuguese, and Rumanian it is like c in o;»rc; in Spanish, like a rough or strongly aspirated h (see X below) ; in the Philippine Islands it is often like .S'/i in .shun. K in Swedish before e, i, y, a, or ii in the same primitive syllable is almost like ch in church. KH in Oriental names is usually properly a harsh guttural aspirate: in Russian names, often like Gennan ch; in East Indian names, like separate Ic and li. See H. above. L in I'rench is as in English like, except after 1 (see IL, ILL, above) ; in Polish it is like ll in Spanish. See below. L in Polish resembles I in like, very strongly pronounced. Lii in Portuguese is like LL in Spanish. See below. LL in Spanish is like the l-y sound heard in Eng. million. In colonial or dialectic Spanish the I sound is sometimes not heard. In Ice- landic II is like dl in handlike; in Welsh, as i nearly as can be given in English equivalents, i like ihl or tl. LY' in Hungarian is like Spanish LL. See ' above. i M and N are practically always as in English, except when used as a velar )i. the ng sound fol- ■ lowing an ordinary nasalized vowel, or used merely to indicate by checking the escape of air through the mouth and forcing it strongly against the^soft palate.