Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/503

* PROGRAMME MUSIC. 435 PROHIBITION. intended to re[)i'oduce by musical tones a series of definite ideas or events. The idea of reproduc- ing characteristic sounds of nature Ijy means of music is very old. We have a composition by Jannequin, Cris de Paris, published in 1529, in which are imitated the cries of Parisian fish- mongers and venders of various commodities. In another, La Bataillc, the same composer imitates the rattling of nuisketry, trumpet-signals, etc. In his "Pastoral Symphony" Beethoven reproduces the niiirmuring of the brook and the calls of vari- ous birds. Schubert in his famous song Greichen (im Hinnnrad imitates admirably the hum and Inizz of the spinning-wheel by the figure in the ac- companiment. But Scluimann went further; he gave some purely instrumental worlcs (Carneval) suggestive titles. These instances do not in reality constitute programme music. This form began with Liszt, who wrote long orchestral works (symphonic poems) where every bar is meant to depict some definite emotion or event. He found his inspiration in works of poetry or the plastic arts. Thus Die Ilunncnschhicht is in- tended to reproduce in musical tones the impres- sion aroused by Kaulbaeh's famous picture. In his Dante and Faust symjihonies Liszt has taken certain episodes from Dante and Goethe, and he intenils to say in music what the two poets have said in words. This scliool of progranune music has had many followers and is still very powerful. (See Strauss, Ricn.RD. ) Opinions differ as to the value of such music. In Schumann's sense Raff and Saint-Saens, and even Schubert and Beethoven, have written programme music. But these masters never forced music beyond its nat- ural limits. Wagner occupies a distinct position. In one sense his music is programme music, but it is dramatic, and always accompanies and illus- trates the sjjoken word. And even in the purely instrumental passages, svich as the Preludes, Siegfried's Rhine-.Tourney, Funeral March ((iot- terdtimmernng), his method of leading motives enables the hearer to follow every bar in detail. Richard Strauss also has taken up this idea of leading motives and applied it to purely instru- mental works {Death and Apotheosis, Till Eu- kn.'ipicf/el. Ein Hcldrnlclien. etc.). See Stii- PlIONY; LXSTKIIIEXTAL MuSIC. PROGRESO, pr6-gra's6. A seaport of Mexico, situated on the north coast of the Yucatan penin- sula, 25 miles north of McSrida (Map: Mexico, 7). It is the port of that city, and is connected with it by railroad. It is the principal port of the State of Yucatan, and one of the foremost ports of the Republic in regard to imports. Steanisliip lines connect the town with Vera Cruz and various ports of the United States. A United States consulate is located here. The chief ex- port is sisal grass. Population, in 1895, 5911. PROGRESS AND POVERTY. A work by Henry George. See George, IIexry. PROGRESSION (Lat. progrrssio. from pro- gredi. to go forward, from jno. before, for + gredi, to go), or Progressive Evolution. Xii- geli's principle of progression, or the transforma- tion of species from internal causes. Long before Niigeli, Von Baer vagiiely wrote of the striving toward an ideal in development. Niigeli and Iiis commentator. E. Hertwig, claimed that it cannot be denied that each species is compelled, by some peouliar internal cause, to develop into new forms independently of the environment, and up to a certain degree independently of the struggle for existence. In all the branches of the animal king- dom, says Hertwig, we observe a progress going on from lower to higher, very often in a quite similar way, in spite of the fact that the species live under very different conditions of development. To a certain extent, then, an organism is inde- pendent of the e.xternal world, but the indeiiend- ence is never complete, and Niigeli has not so contended. PROGRESSION. In music, a term applied to the succession of entire chords or of the indi- vidual tones composing any part. The former is called harmonic, the latter melodic i)rogression. The progression of dissonances is called resolu- tion. See Leading of Voices. PROGRESSIONS (in mathematics). See Series. PROGRESSIVE BRETHREN. See German B.viTisT 1'.iu;tiike.. PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibitio, a forbid- ding, prevention, from prohibere, to forbid, pre- vent, from pro, before, for + habere, to have) . A form of sumptuary legislation which attempts to abolish the manufacture and sale of alcoholic liquors. Until after tlie Civil War the move- ment toward prohibitive legislation in America was merely local. By that time, however, a marked change was observed in the liquor busi- ness. German beer was introduced, great brew- eries were built, attractive saloons were fitted up. and other efforts were made to increase sales. One of the earliest State and national forms of prohibition forbade the sale of li(|Uor to Indians. Some of the early laws enacted local option — which may be local prohibition — follow- ing Connecticut's (1839) example, ilaine was the first State to establish prohibition. The West Indian trade brought large quantities of rum into the State, and in 1840 an educational campaign was carried on, which resulted in Neal Dow's law. This law was made effective in 1851 and was finally incorporated into the State Con- .stitution. In 1852 Jlassachusetls, Rhode Island, and ^'ermont passed laws prohibiting the sale of liquor, which were subsequently repealed by the two former States. Massachusetts presents an excellent example of local option, each town vot- ing to license or not to license the sale of alco- holic drinks. Kansas (1880) and North and South Dakota have constitutional prohibition. Iowa passed a eonstitufional amendment in 1S82. which was declared void, and was. superseded by a statute (1884). In 1894 the JIulct Law took its place. Prohibitoiy constitutional amendments have been defeated in Texas, Oregon. Tennessee, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, and Massachusetts. New Hampshire's statute of 1855 was repealed in the spring of 190.3 and local option was adopted. In the South, which is strongly for temperance, the States provide as a rule for local option by counties. For the disi)ensary system in South Carolina, see under that State. Proiiibitiox Party. The failure of the advo- cates of temperance to force a prohibition plank upon either of the great national parties led the Pennsylvania State Temperance Convention in February, 1807. to suggest the organization of a separate party. In 1808 a Prohibition Party was organized in Illinois and Jliehigan in re- sponse to a recommendation made on May 28th of that year by the Grand Lodge of the Good