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* PROBATION AFTER DEATH. 423 PROCEDURE. (Berlin, 1S79-81; Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1880- 84) ; Dorner on the Future Utate, translation of the eschatological section of the preceding work by Newman Smji-h (New York, 1883). See ESCHATOLOGT; lilMORTALITT; JUDGMENT, FlXAL; Heaven: Hell; Univebsalism. PROBLEM (OF. probleme. Fr. prohUme, from Lat. problema, from Gk. Trpi/SXij/xa, problem, from ■Kpo^aWnv, prohallein, to place before, from jrp6, pro, before + )3dX«v, balJchi, to throw). In geometry, a proposition in which some operation or construction is required, e.g., the proposition "To construct an equilateral triangle" would be a problem. PROBLEM OP THE THREE BODIES. An astronomical problem demanding the motion of three bodies attracting one another according to the law of gravitation. A complete solution of this prol)lem has so far defied the mathemati- cians, although the general differential efjuations of the motion were given by Laplace. See CLAIBj^IT. PRO BOSCID'EA (Xeo-Lat., from Lat. pro- boscis, from Gk. -po^offKU, proboskis, proboscis, from Wild, pro, before + ^da-Keif. hoskein, to feed ). An order of mammals embracing the elephants (q.v. ), living and extinct. The nearest relatives of the Proboscidea are the extinct Toxodontia on one hand, and on the other the Hyraeoidca. Consult Beddard, Mavimalia (London, 1902). PROBOS'CIS MONKEY, or Xose-Ape. A large, yellowish monkey with the head and long hair of the neck and shoulders chestnut. It is closely allied to the langurs, but is distinguished by having in the adult male a comically long nose, for which reason mainly it has been set apart in a separate genus, and given the name yasilis larvatus. This monkey is a native of Borneo, where it goes about in large bands, the habits of which are little known. It seems to be merely an aberrant form of the genus Sem- nopithecus. See Plate of Monkeys of the Old World. PRO'ETJS, Makcus AunELirs, Roman Emper- or A.D. 270-282. He was born at Sirmium, in Paiinonia. Probus early entered the army, and had the good fortune to attract the favorable notice of the Emperor. Valerian, who elevated him before the legal period to the rank of tribune. He distinguished himself against the Sarmatians on the Danube, and subsequently in Africa, Egypt, Asia, Germany, and Gaul, winning golden opin- ions from Valerian's successors, Gallienxis, Clau- dius 11., Aurelian, and Tacitus. By the last- named Emperor he was appointed governor of the whole of Rome's Asiatic possessions, and de- clared to be the chief mainstay of the Roman power; and such was the zealous attachment evinced for him by his soldiers, whose respect and love he had won equally by his firm disci- pline, by his care in providing for their wants and comforts, and by his liberality in the dis- tribution of plunder, that, on the death of Taci- tus, they forced him to assume the purple; and his rival. Florianus. having been removed. Probus was enthusiastically hailed Emperor by all classes (a.d. 276). His brief reign was signalized by brilliant and important successes; the Germans, who. since Aurelian's time, had made Gaul almost a part of Germany, were driven out with enor- mous slaughter, pursued into the heart of their own country, compelled to restore their plunder, and to furnish a contingent to the Roman armies. Pursuing his victorious career, Probus swept the barbarians from the Rhaetian, Pannonian, and Thracian frontiers, and forced Persia to agree to a humiliating peace. On his return to Rome, Probus celebrated his achievements by a tri- umph, and then, the external security of the Empire being established, devoted himself to the development of its internal resources. The senate was confirmed in its privileges; liberal encouragement was given to agriculture ; numer- ous colonies of barbarians were established in thinly peopled spots, that they might adopt a civilized mode of life; and all branches of indus- try were protected and promoted. But Probus, as the Romans had now no enemies, employed the soldiers as laborers in executing various ex- tensive and important works of public utility. Such occupations, considered as degrading bj- the soldiers, excited among them the utmost irrita- tion and discontent, and a body of troops mur- dered him October, a.d. 282. PROBUS, JIabcus Valebius. A Roman critic and grammarian, born at Berytus, in Syria, in the second half of the first century a.d. He de- voted his attention chiefly to the archaic and classic literature of Rome, and made annotated editions of Horace, Vergil, Lucretius, Terence, and Persius, after the manner of the Alexandrian scholars. His biography of Persius is extant, but the commentary to Vergil's Eclogues and Georgics, and several grammatical treatises bear- ing his name, are probably the works of a gram- marian of the fourth century. Probus is usually ranked among the greatest Roman philologists. Consult: Teuffel and Sehwabe, Geschichle dcr romisclien Litteratur (5th ed., Leipzig. 1890) ; and Steub, De Probis (rrammaticis (Jena, 1871). PROCEDURE (OF. procedure, Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go forward, from pro, be- fore, for + cedere, to go). In law, the successive steps or proceedings in the initiation and conduct of a judicial proceeding, and the rules of law governing them. In its broadest sense the term includes evidence and pleading. In a narrower sense the term is used as synonymous with prac- tice, which embraces the rules governing the form and manner of conducting the various steps in a legal proceeding other than the rules of evidence (q.v.) and the rules of pleading (q.v.). The judicial proceeding may be directed toward the person, when it is said to be in personam: or it may be directed toward the property, when it is said to be in rem. See In Personam ;" In Reii ; Law. In English jurisprudence three distinct systems of procedure corresponding and adapted to dis- tinct systems of jurisprudence were developed respectively by the courts of common law, the courts of chancery, and the courts of admiralty. While necessarily having many elements in com- mon, these systems for the most part differ widely from each other, and their characteristics can be best understood by treating each separately. Common-Law Procedure. The common-law procedure is much older than the procedure in either equity or admiralty as practiced by the English courts, the curia regis which was the forerunner of the English courts of Exchequer. Common Pleas, and King's Bench, in which the common-law procedure was developed, having