Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/43

* PIM. 27 PIN. PIM, Bedfobd Cappertox Trentxtax (1826- 80). An English admiral, born at Bideford, Dev- onshire. He was educated at the Royal Xaval School, and later took part ip tlie search for Sir John l-"ranklin. He was in the Crimean War, was dangerously wounded in China in 18.57, and the next year was promoted to be commander. While on the Central American station, in 1859, he surveyed the Nicaragua Canal route and later organized a company to construct a railroad over this route, which failed to secure subscriptions. He was retired from the service in 1861, though his name was left on the list and he was in 188.) promoted to be rear-admiral on the retired list. In 1873 he was called to the English bar and he was returned to Parliament in 1874-80. His writings include The Gate of the Faci/ic 11863), All Kssay on Feudal Tenures (1871), and The War Chronicle (1873). PIMA, pe'ma. One of the leading tribes of the Piman stock (q.v.). Before being collected upon Gila River and Salt River reservations, Arizona, where they now reside, they roamed, jointly with the Papago. who are practically the same people, OAer all the territory from the mid- dle Gila southward to Sonora, Mexico. Accord- ing to their own traditions, which seem to be con- firmed by archeological evidence, they formerly lived farther to the northeast, in the Salado River valley, where they had permanent pueblo towns and irrigating canals. Being driven out by hos- tile tribes, they gradually moved down the Ciila valley, halting on their way long enough to build and occupy the noted Casa Cirande ruins. In their new homes on the Gila they ceased to build substantial structures and contented themselves with dome-shaped huts of poles covered with thatch and earth. They retained their agricul- tural habit, fertilizing their fields by means of e.tensive irrigation canals, and cultivating corn, beans, pumpkins, melons, and cotton, men and women working together. They also prepare a sort of bread from the mesquite bean, and a liquor from the great Zaguara cactus. The women make pottery and weave beatitiful water- tight baskets. (See Colored Plate of Ixdian Baskets, under Basket.) They were brought under the inlluence of Spanish missionaries at an early period, but revolted under their chief, Don Luis, in 1751, destroying all the missions, with every other Spanish settlement in their coimtry. They were subdued after about two years of fight- ing and have since remained at peace with the whites, although until recently obliged constantly to defend themselves against the raiding Apache. They bear a high reputation for courage, industry, and honesty. They number on the two reserva- tions 4950. For about seventy years the weaker Maricopa (q.v.) have been associated with them. See PniAX Stock. PIMAN STOCX. An important group of cognate tribt* occupying nearly the whole of the west coast and Sierra Madre region of Mexico and Arizona from the Ciila River southward into Jalisco, and including, besides other tribes and subtribes. the Huichol, ilayo Opata, Papago. Pima, Tarumari. Tepehuan, and Yaqui. Accord- ing to Buschniann. Gatschet, Brinton, and others they, together with the Xahuatlan tribes, are in fact an extension of the great Shoshonean stock (q.v.) of the United States. As a rule they are sedentary and agricultural, nearly in the culture Vol. XVI —3. states of the Pueblo tribes, but perhaps not quite so far advanced in house-building. Owing to the nature of their country, which makes inter-coni- munication generally difficult, their systems of government are usually communal rather than tribal, .lthough as a body not aggressive, some of their tribes, notably the Yaqui and Tepehuan, have maintained a. determined resistance to the Spanish and the Mexicans. The whole numtx-r may be about 120.000, of whom the Tarumari make perhaps one-half. PIMENTO. See All-spice. PIMPEKNEL (OF., Fr. pimpemelle, from ML. pimprrnclla. pimphiella, piprnella, pipinclla, with the original initial h assimilated to the fol- lowing, bipinrlla, bimpinella. bibanella.. pimper- nel, from Lat. bipetmix, two-winged, from bi, two + pcnna, pinna, wing), Anagallis. A genus of annual and perennial plants of the natural order Primulace*, natives chiefly of temperate climates, with beautiful but small flowers. Several species are cultivated in flower gardens; others are weeds. Among the best known are the scarlet pimpernel (Atuir/allis arrensis) ; the blue pim- pernel (Anagallis crcrulea), a form of the pre- ceding; and the bog pimpernel {Anagallis le- 7iellu}. These are all European species. The water pimpernel (•^amoluf; 'alerundi), also called brookweed, is a European plant of the same order and of almost worldwide distribution, growing in watery gravelly places. It has racemes of small white flowers. PIN (AS. pinn, from ilL. pinna, pin, nail, peak, Lat. pinna, penna, feather, wing, fin, pen). Probably the pin in its most primitive form of a spike, thorn, or fish-bone was employed long before the earliest needle and thread, as a means of fastening a garment together. (See Needle.) Among the remains of the lake dwellers of Cen- tral Europe have been found a great number of pins, some of bone, others of bronze. Many of these are quite elaborate, with ornamental heads, while others are rudely fashioned. Some have double stems and a few have been found in form exactly like the modern safety pin. Examples of artistically wrought pins are found among Egyp- tian as well as Greek remains. Ancient Roman bronze pins and bone hair-pins, with ornamental heads, have been found at Pompeii. The Romans also made very elaborate fibuhr. the prototype of the modern brooch. That simple pins, consisting of heads and shank with a sharpened point, were much used and liighly esteemed by the nations of antiquity is proved by the frequent allusions to them in proverbs and other literature. As a requisite of the toilet, pins of iron wire were made in England during the fifteenth century; brass wire pins were introduced frohi France in 1540 by Catharine Howard, Queen of Henry VIII. The invention of the process of drawing wire was the foundation of modern pin manufacture, and for years the industry was confined to the two cotuitrtes, France and Germany, where this process was invented. Brass wire pins were first made in England in 1826. The industry was most successful and spread rapidly, so that with- in ten years it was well established at Gloucester- shire. Bristol, Birmingham, and London, and the pin-makers of the last-named citj' had formed a corporation. At first pins were made by filing a proper