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* PRAKRIT. 346 PRAM. imperfect, aoiist, and perfect some sporadic ex- amples have survived. These tenses are regularly formed in Prakrit by hhu and as, 'to be,' with participles, as rjaO atthi, 'is gone,' Sanskrit jdgama (classical Sanskrit also goto 'sit). The moods are the indicative, optative, and impera- tive, but the subjunctive, as in classical Sanskrit, is lost. As is natural, the dialects difl'er much from each other in regard to inflection and fre- quency of forms. Thus the ending of the second person plural present indicative {-tlin in San- skrit) is -lid in llaharashtri, .Taina Maharashtri, and Ardliamagadhi. -dha in Sauraseni and Ma- gadhi, -hu in ApabhraiiiSa ; the optative is very common in Ardhamagadhi and Jaina Jlaharash- tri, comparatively rare in ilaharashtri, and al- most never found in the other dialects. As an example of the dill'erence between Prakrit and Sanskrit a stanza in the ilaharashtri dialect from the poet Ilala may be cited : Prakrit. ajja mae tCna vinu- anulmasiiha'i sain hharamlle oliinavamvhnna raro nisamio imjjhapadulw vva. Sanskrit. adya maj/d teiia vino- aniihh CitasiikiMii i samsmarantya aihinavn m vijhii nu I'li ra co iiimmito radhyapataha iva. " Lorn of my love to-da.v — But blisses gone, remembering: The heavy thunders fall Like dooming- drums, on me remembering." Since the Prakrit forms in the literature have been corrupted in countless instances by ignorant or pedantic scribes, the most trustworthy sources are the native grammarians, especially Hema- candra (edited and translated by Pischcl, Ilalle, 1877-80), the most comjdete, although rather late, dating about the twelfth century. Vararuci (edited and translated by Cowell, London, ISfi.S, again edited by Tailanga, Benares, 1S09), the earliest, and Cauda (edited by Hoernle, Calcutta, 1880), The Apabhraihsa is treated in the Pia- hrtapingalasuini, edited with Lakshminathabhat- ta's commentary by Sivadatta and Parab (Bom- bay, 1804), There are also several gramma- rians whose works exist only in manuscript, and a lexicon by Dhamap.lla, entitled Pniyalacchi yamamillu (edited by BUhler in vol, iv. of Bezzenberger's Beitriige ziir Kunde der indoger- manischen Sprarlieii, Gottingen, 1878), Tlie literature proper is quite extensive. It includes not only parts of the Sanskrit drama as well as the .Jaina texts already mentioned, but also epic and lyric poetry. The former class is represented by two jMaharashtri poems. Of these the first is the S'ffiihaiidha, or Building of the Bridge, also called Rfivaiiaraha, or Death of Eavana, by an unknown author, but frequently erroneously attributed to Kalidasa (q.v. ), It was known as early as the seventh century, and deals, as its name implies, with the Eama cycle, (See Ram.y. ..) It has been edited and trans- lated by Coldschmidt (Strassburg. 1880-83) and edited with Ramadasa's commentary by Siva- datta and Parab (Bombay. 189.5). The second epic is the Gaiidnraha. an historical poem by Bappai'rra (Sanskrit TCikpntirSja) about the beginning of the eighth century. It has been edited with Haripala's commentary and an in- dex by Pandit (Bombay, 1887). The lyric is represented by the Saltasal, or Seven Centuries, by Hala who lived probably between the third and seventh centuries, at an_y rate before 1000, This collection of lyrics, many of which are of much beauty, has been edited and translated by Weber (Leipzig, 1881) and again edited with Gangadharabhatla's commentary by Durgaprasad and Parab (Bombay, 188'J), In the drama we have the KarpCirunianjnri of Eajasekhara (q.v.), edited with Vasudeva's commentary by the same scholars [ib., 1887) and again edited with a masterly English translation bj' Konow and Lanman (Cambridge, Mass., 1901). Other works were composed in Prakrit, such as the BrhallcathO . or Great Story, of Gunadbya, now lost, which formed the basis of Somadeva's EatliOsaritsugara, and was written in Paisaca dialect, while the GilugOvinda of Jayadeva (q.v.) was a])parently adapted from an Apabhran'i^a original. Consult: Hoefer, De Pralcrita Dialecto (Berlin, 18.36) ; Lassen, [nstitutioncs LingutE Pracriticce (Bonn, 1837); Delius, Undices Pracriticw (ib., 1839) ; Muir, Original 8ansl,rit Texts, vol ii. (3d ed., London. 1874) ; Cowell. Short Introduc- tion to the Ordinary Prakrit of the Sanskrit Dramas (ib.. 1875) ; Eishikesh Sastri, Pralcrita Grammar (Calcutta, 1883) : Lai Chandra. Pra- krit Grammar (Benares, 1901): Pisclicl, Gram- ■matik der Prakrit-Sprachcn (Strassburg, 1900) ; Hoernle, "Sketch of the History of Prakrit Phi- lologj'," in Calcutta Review, vol, Ixxi, (Calcutta, 1880) ; Tiaag.Tergleichnng des Prakrit mit den romanischcn Sprachen (Berlin, 1869) ; Gray, In- do-Iranian Phonology (New York, 1901) : Jacobi, Ansgenxihlte ErMhliingcn in ilahuriishtri (Leip- zig, 1886), PRAKRITI, pra'kre-te (Skt, prakrti. ele- ment, foundation). In Hindu philosophy, ]>oten- tial matter, which must be carefully distinguished from nature, for it exists only conditionally, and develops consciousness only when beheld liy Pu- rusha, or !Man, who may thus be called the effi- cient cause of the world as contrasted with its material cause, Prakriti. The union of these two principles gives rise to Buddhi, or percep- tion (also called Mahat. or the great), as well as to Ahamkara. or belief in the existence of the ego. and the Tanmatras, or elements of the senses, both in their subjective and objective aspects, to which manas. or perception, is added. Prakriti is uncreated and is coeternal with Brahma (q.v.). Manas, the five Tanmatras, Buddhi, and Prakriti are often called the eight Prakritis, the first seven lx>ing productive as well as iiroduced, while the primal Prakriti has the distinctive epi- thet acyakta, or unmanifested. Consult ^Miiller. Six Siistems of Indian Philosophy (New York, 1899).' PRAM, priim. Kristen HEXRiKSEr^ (1756- 1821). A Danish poet and editor, born in Nor- way of Danish parents. He was a man of wide learning and great mental activity. The num- ber of his works, however, is much greater than their value. Of his poems, there need be men- tioned only Emilies Kilde. His principal work was done for the Mincrra, a monthly critical journal published in Copenhagen, of which he ^vas one of the founders. He was sole editor