Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/40

* PILOT CHART. iimJe during' tlic American Revolution to kidnap some prominent Kiijilislinien for exoliange. An American frigate ofV the Knglish coast takes on a pilot, who is the famous Paul Jones. The plot fails, and the crew are rescued from peril, arising from Colonel Howard, an .mcrican loyalist refugee. PILOT CHART. The Pilot Charts of the Xortli .tlanlic and of the North Pacific Oceans, issued monthly from the I'nitcd States Hydro- graphic OHice'. Navy Department, Washington, give, in a form suitable for use by seamen, a general view of the dimalologicnl ((iiiditlons pre- vailing over each of these oceans during the suc- cessive months of the year, with certain deduc- tions therefrom, along with a large amount of PILON. 24 in the Chateau of illeroy. In loTI he had lodgings in the Hotel de Ncslc and assisted in arranging the triumplial entry of Charles IX. into Paris. In 1373 he was appointed comptroller- general of the coinage. It is suppo-'cd that he made the great bron/e medals of the alois, the most intere.sting of which are those of Catharine de' Jledici and Henn' MI. In 1.587 lie made the monument of the Abbe .loscpli Foulon for a chapel of Saintc Ccnevit^ve in Paris. Pilon died February 5, I5!I0. His reputation as a sculptor of the High Renaissance in France is second only to that of finujon. Consult: Land, DicHoiiiinire (lex .sriilplrurs friinrnix (Paris, 1,S9,S ) : Paulstre, ■/.(/ h'i iKiissniiic CM France (ib., 1885). PILOT (OF. /)i7o(e, Fr. pilot, probably from OF. yiloler, piloticr, to sound with ]>lunuiiet and additional information, meteorological and other line: probably connected with Dutcli pi illuod, wise, which is likely to prove of value to naviga- sounding-lead," from peilen, MLhitch pei/len, tion. The charts are drawn on the Mcrcator pro- pijlen. from .MDutch pegelen. to gauge, from jection. that of the Nortli .Atlantic extending pryc/. capacity of a ship's gauge + Unxl. MDutch from the equator to 60° north, and from the /oo*, Goth. Zoj", Oer. /.of. AS. /rdrf, Eng. /f Of/). A meridian of 10° east to 102° west: that of the person who nuikes a business of conducting ves- sels in and out of port, through narrow channels, up rivers, or along coasts where the navigation is si)ocially dillicult or dangerous. He is possessed, or supposed to be possessed, of sufficient knowl- edge of all reefs, rocks, shoals, currents, and other dangers to navigation in the region for which he professes to be. or is licensed as. a competent pilot. K.vccpt in littlefreijuentcd ports, pilots are usually mcudjers of a pilot as- Eociation or company organized under aithority of law; anil they are re(]uired to pass examina- tion as to fitness before being appointed or licensed. The pilotage fees arc not retained by the pilot in each case, but are paid into a com- mon fund which is divided among the members according to the rules of the association. In order to furnish a sulVieient fund for the pay- ment of an adeijuate supply of pilots, pilotage is compulsory in many ports, but in these places vessels usually need pay only half pilotage if they do not "actually take a pilot. In ports which are not very easy of entrance marine in- surance policies u-^ually require that local pilots be employed under penalty of forfeiture of the policy. Masters of vessels frequenting particular ports very commonly take out pilot jiien-c to re- duce the expense of entry and depart inc. Pilots may 1m> foinid .^fT all large ports. They are usially carried in small fast-sailing schooners, but in recent years some pilot boats are steam vessels. Pilot boats carry nund>ers which are placed on the sail or conspicuously painted on the hull (if a steamer). A century ago a pilot was a neces- sity for a ship entering a locality unfamiliar to the captain or master; bvit the gieat improvement in charts, the increase in the nmnher ot light- houses, l)uoys, beacons, and other aid-; to naviga- tion, and the change of motive power from sail to steam in more than balf the large vessels of the world have contributed to lessen the pilot's importance. Pilot Fee. The sum of money paid to a pilot for his services in guiding a vessel in or out of a harbor is called piloliifie. Where a pilot is engaged by the proper officer of a vessel the pilotage is a lien on the vessel. Consiilt Bene- dict. Amrrieiin .{dniirultii (New- York. 1870). PILOT. The. Cooper (182.'!). . sea-tale by .Tames Fenimore It is the story of an attempt North Pacific from the eciuator to 70° north and from 75° west to 117° east. Kach of the charts is published some days ])rior to the lirst day of the month to which it refers. They are litho- graphed in three colors. l)lack. blue, and red, the color serving, within certain limits, as an index to the character of the information conveyed. The base of the chart, along with stich informal ion as is invariable througliout the year, is printed in black. Among other matter this embraces the lines of equal magnetic variation (see articles CoM- p.vss: M.c:xETTSM. Tf.rresthial) for the cur- rent year, than which no feature of the chart is more highly appreciated by navigators, owing to the almost universal employment of the I'ilot Chart as a track chart, upon which the position of the vessel from day to day is plotted. See S.ILIXG. For the piirpose of climatological study the surface of the ocean is supposed to be divided into rectangular areas by the even five-degree parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude, 5°, 10°, 15°, etc. The Pilot Chart for any month gives in blue for each of these areas the atmos- pheric pressure and temperature prevailing under normal conditions, the average force of the wind, the number of hours within the month during which the wind may be expected to blow from a given (juarter. and the frequency of calms, derived from a discussion of the observa- tions taken within the same month during jire- vious years. All of this is shown symlmlically upon the face of the chart. Tn addition to this there is also given in blue a brief text, contain- ing a forecast or statement of the average con- ditions that may be expected during the month for the more frequented parts of the ocean, the probability of storms, the nature of these storms. the frequency of fog (upon the Pilot Chart of the North .tlanlic Ocean this is also shown graphically upon the face of the chart), and the limits within which dangerous masses of floating ice may be expected. The proper sailing and steamship rotites for the given month and the limits of the trade winds are also exhibited. The information given in red is in the nature of a review. Upon the Pilot Chart of the North -Atlantic Ocean it comprises a brief account of the main features of the weather over that ocean during the month preceding the date of publica-