Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/399

* POZZO DI BORGO. 337 PRACTICE. settled in Paris, where he died, February 15, 1842. His correspondence ^vith Xesselrode (1814-18) was published with an introduction and notes by Count Charles Pozzo di Borgo in two volumes (Paris, 1890-97). Consult also: ilaggiolo, Pozzo di Borgo (Paris, 1890) ; Vuhrer, Sotice bio- graphique sur le comte Pozzo di Borgo' (Paris, 1842). POZZUOLI, pot'soo-6-le (Lat. Puteoli). A port in the Province of Naples, Italy, situated on the gulf of the same name, 6 miles west of Naples, with which it is connected by rail and by tramwaj' (ilap: Italy, .J 7). It lies on a hill in a volcanic district, which is exceptionally rich in old Roman ruins of every description, in- cluding ancient piers and a few fragments of Cicero's famous villa. The Roman amphi- theatre rises on three rows of arches, aroimd which extends an exterior court. The arena is 369 feet long and 216 feet broad, and could be flooded with water for naval contests. Xero entertained guests here with gladiatorial com- bats, and here Saint Januarius was in vain cast before wild beasts. The curious temple (or per- haps market hall) of Sera pis was a square court ■n-ith numerous small apartments surrounding it. It had 48^huge columns and its portico was graced by a frieze. In the court rose a round temple, with columns. The lower sections of the ruin are below sea level. The purpose and his- tory of the building are in doubt. The famous Solfatara in the immediate vicinity is the ob- long crater of a semi-extinct volcano. Sulphui-- ous gases rise in it constantly, and the ground is hollow. Pozzuoli has mineral baths. An ex- cellent cement is made from a peculiar puzzolana earth found about the town. Xear Pozzuoli is an important branch of the manufacturing firm of Armstrong & Co. It manufactures cannon and armor plate for the Italian navy and is fostered by the Government. The harbor has of late been improved by the Government. The population in 1901 (commune) was 22,907. The foundation of Pozzuoli is ascribed to fugitives from Samos in B.C. 528, who called their new town Diciearchia, which Greek name later gave place to the Latin name Puteoli. At first under the sway of Cumae, and later of Capua, it fell into the hands of the Romans, along with the latter city, in B.C. 338, and was fortified and held by them against Han- nibal. After the conclusion of the Second Punic War, the Romans planted a colony there, and the great prosperity of the city began, and continued throughout the Empire. A mole was built, and Puteoli became the great emporium of trade with the Orient. It was also one of the most impor- tant cities of Italy for manufactures, and the beauty of its coast and the healing qualities of its sulphur springs enabled it to vie with its neighbors, Baiae and Cumse, as a fashionable watering place. PRABODHA-CANDRODAYA, pra-bodlui chan-drO'da ya I Skt.. rise of the moon of intel- lect ) . A Sanskrit drama of the eleventh cen- tury by Krishna Misra. who wrote it for Kirti- varman the Chandella (1056-1116). The drama is in six acts, and is an ardent defense of Yishnuitic Vedantism (see Vedaxt.v) against infidelity, .Jainism (q.v.), and Buddhism (q.v. ). The dramatis personip are 44 in number, all of them abstract in character, as Maya (q.v.), Purusha (q.v.). Reason and Revelation with their children Intellect and Science, Hypocrisy and his son Falsehood, Passion, his officer Anger, and his female attendants Delusion and Allure- ment, while the heretical sects have each a typical representative. The action of the drama, while not rapid, does not drag, and the repeated at- tempts of Passion and his followers, who quickly captivate the heretics, but fail utterly with Reason and his subjects, to overthrow faith in Vishnu (q.v.), are treated vividly. The play closes with the overthrow of the hosts of Passion and the triumph of Reason. The Pra- bodha-Candrodaya has been edited by Brockhaus (Leipzig, 1845) and in the Xirnaya-Sagara Press Series (Bombay, 1898), and it has been trans- lated into German bv Goldstiieker (KiJnigsberg, 1842) and Hirzel (Zurich, 1846), and into Eng- lish by Taylor (Bombay. 1811; reprinted ib., 1893)". Consult Levi, theatre Indien (Paris, 1890). PRACTICE (from OF. praetiser, pratiser, practiqucr, pratiquer, Fr. pratiquer, to practice, from ML. practicare, praticare, to perform, from practica, business, fem. sg. of Lat. practicus, from Gk. irpaKTiKb^, praktikos, practical, from Trpatraeii', prussein, to do ) . In general, the ac- quisition of a special skill or dexterity by fre- quent performance of an action, or of a special experience by long familiarity with a subject. Psychologically regarded, it is a state of con- sciousness ( see Attextiox ), varying in degree with the amount of time and attention devoted to a problem, and characterized in its higher stages by a maximal concentration of attention (to- gether with all the advantages for observation that this insures) and by a maximal capacity of reproduction (extent and accuracy of memory). It is thus the converse of fatigue (q.v.). •'To practice is due a steady increase in delicacy of perception and readiness of judgment; to fatigue, a steady decrease in both" (Kiilpe). The deter- mination of the stage of practice at which one is working is, therefore, of extreme importance in experimental psychologj", especially in work of such fineness as, e.g. the comparison of short in- tervals of time. (See Dubatiox. ) Thorkelson, in an investigation of the "time sense,' distin- guishes no less than six degrees of practice, each of which has its characteristic diflerence limen. ( See DiscKiMiXATiON, Sensible. ) Where an un- practiced observer can discriminate differences of 1/10, an observer in the advancing stages of gen- eral practice can cognize differences of 1/12 to 1/15; with complete general practice, differences of 1/15 to 1/18 ; with advancing special practice, differences of 1/18 to 1/20; with a higher degree of special practice, differences of 1/20 to 1/25; while maximal special practice still remains as the limiting term of the series. The distinction here made between general and special practice is important. General practice implies a familiarity with problems or actions of the same class or kind as those in hand ; thus, any student who has worked in a psychological laboratory may be regarded as 'generally prac- ticed' in experimental psychologv'. whereas on entering the laboratory he was wholly unprac- ticed. So any one who has had piano lessons in childhood may be said to be "generally practiced' in musical appreciation and rendition. General practice furthers accuracy of observation and