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* POUSSIN. 330 POWDERIiY. another of 25 large landscapes in oil in the Doria Pamfili Talaee. POUSSIN, Nicolas (C.1594-16G5). A French painter, Hie originator of tl>e classic and academic element in French painting. He was born at Villers, near Les Andelvs (Normandy), probably the son of a gentleman of Pieardy, who had fought under Henry IV. Placed with a Latin master, lie preferred design, and having studied, against the wishes of his parents, at Les Andelys under Quentin Varin, he went to Paris. There, under great privations, he worked with Ferdi- nand EUc and Georges Lalleraand. His association ■with the mathematician Courtois, wliose col- lection of enai-avings he studied, filled his mind with the fixed determination to reach Eome. After two vain attempts he succeeded, through the aid of an Italian friend. Marini, arriving in Rome in the spring of 1624. Together with the Flemish sculptor Du- qucsnav, who had been his friend in Paris, and with Algardi, afterwards one of the greatest Baroque sculptors, Poussin studied antique stat- ues. He also dissected with the surgeon Larclii, sketched after Raphael and Giulio Romano, and made a thorough study of landscape in wander- ings about the Campagna. A great admirer of Domenichino, he was admitted to that master's studio and was much inllucnced by him in com- position. He was at first unsuccessful in Rome, and dur- ing a serious illness was taken care of by a coun- tryman, Dughct, whose daughter he married. But through the pictures executed under the pa- tronage of Cardinal Barberini, he became famous, winning in especial the favor of Richelieu, who was the means, after two years of persuasion, of inducing him in 1040 to return to Paris. He was received with high honor, made first painter to the King, and allotted an income of 3000 livres a year. Besides a niuuber of other paintings he produced eiglit cartoons for the Gobelins and the designs for a scheme of decoration, representing the -Labors of Hercules." for the Louvre. But, ever homesick for Eome, and disgusted with the intrigues of Vouet and others, he returned in September, 1642, passed the remainder of his life there in quiet, unremitting activity, and died November 10, 166.5. Although Poussin learned his art and passed the best part of his life in Italy, he may properly be classed with the French school, into which he introduced the classical element, which even now forms one of its chief characteristics. He exercised the gi'eatest influence upon the French painters who studied at Rome — Claude Lorrain, Lebrun, IVIignard, Bourdon, etc. His art may be divided into two periods, the dividing point of which is his sojourn in France in 1640-42. His early manner is more brilliant and facile, and better in color; afterwards his art is more domi- nated by ideas and rigid in execution. His com- position is s^^nmetl•ical. though not always free; his drawing correct ; his coloring has suffered much from the dissipation of surface pigments. In his figure compositions he renders the feeling of the antique as had no man before him, besides ■which he was. more than any one else, the creator of the classic or heroic landscape, afterwards de- veloped by Claude Lorrain. Nearly all of the galleries of Europe possess examples of Poussin's works. The Louvre is richest with 39, among the best known of which are the '■Triumph of Flora" (1630) ; "Philistines Stricken by the Pestilence;" "Eleazar and Re- becca;" two '■Bacchanals;" the '■Last Supper;" •■Orpheus and Eurydice;" '■The Shepherds of Arcady," celebrated for its curious inscription Et ill Arcadia ego, and his own portrait. In the Vatican is his "Martyrdom of Saint Erasmus;" in the Barberini Palace (Rome) the "Death of Germanicus." Other examples are in the galler- ies of Hampton Court, Berlin, ]Iunich, Dresden. Vienna, the Uflizi (Florence), Madrid (21), and in the private collections of England. His works were engraved by the most celebrated engravers of the day, including Audran, Pesne, and Stella. Consult: Poussin's Letters (Paris, 1824) ; his (Eiivres completes (ib., 1845); and his Life by Gault de Saint Ctermain (Paris, 1806) ; Graham (London. 1820) ; Geuce (Paris, 1823) ; Boucliitte (ib., 1858); Gandon (ib., 1860); and Poillon (Lille, 1875). POUT, or HoRXED Pout. See Bullhead. POUTEB PIGEON. A breed of domestic pigeons capable of putting out the throat and cliest enormously by inflating the crop, which it does frequently. See Pigeon; and Colored Plate of Pigeons. POUTRINCOUBT, piio'traN'koor', Jean de BiENCOURT (1557-1615). A French colonizer. He went to Canada in 1603, under the leadership of De Monts, and in 1604 was given a gi-aiit of Port Royal. He busied himself principally, how- ever, in "trading with the Indians, and his colony suffered in consequence. In 1606 he fortified Port Royal and joined Champlain on an exploring expedition as far as Point Fortune, now the town of Chatham, in the Province of Ontario. His op- position to the Jesuits prevented him from carry- ing out the French King's wishes in regard to missionarv ork among the Indians. He re- turned to'France in 1612. sailed again for Acadia after its desertion by the English in 1614, but did nothing for his Port Royal colony, and finally re- turned to France the same year. POVOA DE VARZIM, po'vwa da viir-zeN'. A town of Portugal, in the Province of Entre- Minho-e-Doiiro. situated on the Atlantic Ocean, 18 miles north of Oporto (Map: Portugal, A 2). It is a bright and lively town and a favorite bathing resort for the people of Northern Portu- gal and Spain. Its permanent population, con- sisting chiefly of fishermen, numbered in 1900 12,623. POWDEB. See Explosives ; Gunpowder. POW'DEBLY, Terence Vincent (1849—). An American labor leader, born at Carbondale, Lackawanna County, Pa. He received a common- school education, in 1862 became a switchman for the Delaware and Hudson Railway, in 1804 a car-repairer, and in 1860 an apprentice to the machinist trade in the shops of the company, in 1809 he entered the employ of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railway at Scraiiton, Pa He became president of the Machinists and Blacksmiths' National I'nion, held several offices in the local and district assemblies of the Knights of Labor (q.v.), and in 1879 was elected Gen- eral "Master Workman of the latter organization. He reorganized the order and greatly furthered its interests, but in 1893 resigned owing to in- ternal differences arising from opposition to Ins