Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/37

* PILGRIM. PILLAB SAINT. tian pilgrimafres. consult JIaix. Das Wallfahren in der katholiscluii Kinhe (Trevu*. lS4'i): aiiJ for some of the most famous slirines, Xortlicote, Celehrated Sanctuaries of the Madonna (London, 1868 1 . PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE, The. The name given to an u|irisin;.' in tlic north of England in lo.SCi. The destruction of the smaller monasteries by Henry VUl. angered the country gentlemen and the Commons, who had taken great pride in these institutions and had received educational and other Ix-nefits from them. They feared, too, that after this work was done. Cromwell, the King's evil genius, would plunder even the parish churches. This was the chief grievance which drove (iO.OOO men of Lincolnshire to rebellion. Though they soon dispersed, a more formidable uprising in Yorkshire took place under the lead of Robert Aske, a gentleman and barrister. Priests encouraged the movement. The rebels, calling their march the I'ilgrimage of Grace, and carrying a banner embroidered with the five wounds of Christ, demanded a renewal of the connection with Rome, restoration of the mon- asteries, and punishment of Cromwell. As the King's forces could not cope with the insurrec- tion, he promised to call a Parliament in the north to settle the grievances. The rebels there- upon returned to their homes ; but, far from keep- ing his word, Henry not only put to death twenty leaders of the rebellion, but covered the whole north with gibbets. PILGRIM FATHERS, A name given to those emigrants who came to America early in the seventeenth century on account of religious differences in England, and founded the colony of Plymouth. They were Separatists and members of .Tohn Robinson's congregation in Lcyden, whither they had come from England. They are to be distinguished religiously from the Puritans of England. .See Coxgbegatioxai-ISM ; M.ssACHf- SETT.S; ROBINSOX. .TolIX. PILGRIM'S PROGRESS, The. A famous allegory by .John Bunyan. the first part printed in lti78. the second in ltiS4. The first part de- scribes the journey of Christian to the Celestial City ; the latter, the journey thither of his wife, Christiana, and her children. This drama of the soul's progress through life was written in Bed- ford prison, probably in 1075-70. and not during Bunyan's earlier and longer imprisonment. The pilgrim idea of life was an old ime. but was never worked out in so powerful a manner as by this humble Puritan, whose only helps were his Bible and Fox's Uooli of Martyr.i. PILGRIM'S TALE, The. A poem erroneous- ly attributed to Chaucer, as one of the Canter- bury Tales. A confused story was told of it by the son of Thynne, who edited Chaucer's works in 1532. and is said to have printed it. But it is not found in either of Thynne's editions. It ap- peared in The Cotirte of Venus, a collection of verse published about 15,30. in which it is cred- ited to Chaucer. Only two fragments of this work exist in Oxford, one of which contains the Tnle. PILKINGTON. L.?:titia (1712.50). An Irish adventuress, horn in Dublin. She was the daughter of Dr. Van I.ewen. and married Mat- thew Pilkington, an Irish clergyman, in 1729. Swift, then Dean of Saint Patrick's, in Dublin, was attracted by lier vivacity and ingenuous manners, and helped her improvident lui-l>and to get a po--ition in London. .Vfterward^. the pair were divorced, and -Mrs. I'ilkington lived in Ire- land and England. I>efriended by Colley Cibbec, Samuel Richardson, and others. The ilemoirs of Mrs. Loetitin Pilkintjlon. .' . jmtten hy herself, icherein are oerasionnlly interspersed all her poems ... (3d ed.. 1754). have been harshly criticised for their lack of truth, but they are written in an engaging style and in- clude many anecdotes of Swift and bits of per- sonal biography, not touched upon by others. Thackeray uses them freely in his ICnylish Hu- morists. PILL (from Lat. pilula. abbreviated in mediae- val prescriptions to pil., plural pill., pill, little ball, diminutive of pilu, ball). The most conven- ient and popular form of medicine. Pills are globular masses of a size convenient for swallow- ing, and of a consistence sufficient to preserve their shape and yet not so hard as to be dillicult of solution in the stomach or intestines. They are especially suitable for remedies which operate in small doses, as the metallic salts: substances whose action it is desired to retard until they have reached the intestines : bodies whose specific gravity is too inconsiderable to allow their sus- pension in aqueous vehicles: and substances which are disagreeable to the taste or smell. The pill form is, on the other hand, unsuitable for medicines which it is necessary to give in large doses; fluid or semi-fluid substances, such as oils. balsamS; etc., which require a very large proportion of some dry powder to make them into a mass ; and substances so insoluble that when exhibited in solid form they pass through the intestinal canal unaltered, as extract of log- wood. Many substances, such as vegetable ex- tracts, may be at once formed into pills without any addition; but most of them require an ex- cipient for converting them into a pill mass. The excipients in common use are bread crumbs, soap, extract of licorice, nuicilage. .syrup, mo- lasses, honey, castor oil, and confection of roses; the latter is probably the most generally useful, from its property of remaining soft for a consid- erable length of time. It is common to place pills in some fine powder to prevent them from adhering to each other and to conceal their taste. For this purpose licorice powder, wheat flour. starch, magnesia, and lycopodium are employed. Pills made in large numlM>rs and by machinery are often coated with sugar, variously colored and flavored, gelatin, keratin, and other ma- terials. Pills retain their moisture and activity much longer in bottles than in pasteboard boxes. The ordinary weight of a pill is five grains; if it much exceeds that weight it is too bulky to swallow conveniently, especially if it consists of vegetable matter. A pill much larger than this is called a bolus, while very small pills are known as granules. See Capstles. PILLAR (OF. piler. pilier, Ft. pilier, from ML. piliire. pilarius. pilarium. pilleare, pillar, from Lat. piln. pillar, pier, mole). A term u*ed by unscientific writers on architecture to desig- nate a support of masonry, of any form — round, square, or polvgonal — more properly called col- umn or pier, according to its shape. PILLAR SAINT, or Sttlite. One of a re- markable class of ascetics, chiefly of Syria, who.