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* PORTUGAL. 287 PORTUGAL. interests of Brazil, headed, and in 1822 Brazil asserted its independence and the Prince Regent declared himself constitutional Emperor. Mean- while in Portugal the Brazilian movement caused a reactionary revolt toward absolutism, headed by the King's younger son. Miguel ( q.v. ), who had been invested with the conunand of the army. The revolt was put down with British assistance in 1824. Upon the death of King John in 1826 his son. Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, who succeeded to the crown of Portugal, promulgated a constitu- tion, providing for a bicameral legislature, with an hereditary House of Peers and an elective House of Deputies, its legislative powers being subject to the King's sanction. The fundamental liber- ties of citizens were guaranteed, and other reli- gions than the Catholic were to be tolerated. Pedro then resigned his right to the crown in favor of his seven-year-old daughter, Maria da Gloria, who. when of age, was to marry her uncle, Miguel. The latter was made Kegent in July, 1827, and in this Pedro, who was an unselfish patriot but not a politician, made his great mis- take. The Regent at once took measures in de- fiance of the Constitution to restore the ancient forms of government. He proclaimed himself King ir 1828. sought to reconcile the interests of the conflicting political parties, and at the same time place the monarchy on its old basis. In this he was supported by the Absolutists, re- cruited from the army and the clergy. In 1832 Dom Pedro, who in the preceding year had been forced to abdicate the throne of Brazil, pro- ceeded to uphold the rights of his daughter by force of arms. He placed himself at the head of an expeditionary force, which had been col- lected by the opponents of Dom -Miguel at the island of Terceira, Azores, and in July he was welcomed as a deliverer at Oporto, the Liberal stronghold. A stubborn struggle ensued. In July, 183.3, the fleet of Dom Pedro, commanded by Sir Charles Xapier. vanquished the iliguelist fleet off Cape Saint Vincent, and a few weeks later Lisbon capitulated to Dom Pedro, who pi^o- claimed himself Regent for Dona Maria. Pedro was aided by the intervention of Spanish arms. backed by the influence of the short-lived Quad- ruple Alliance (England, France, Spain, Portu- gal). By the agreement of Evora, in 1834, Miguel pledged himself to a renunciation of all claims to the crown and to perpetual exile from the kingdom. Pedro died September 24, 1834, when Queen Maria was but fifteen years of age. Her reign was a troublous one. Neither rulers nor people knew how to carry on a parlia- mentary' government. The fall of Miguel put an end to the Absolutist Party, and the political division that took the place of the old was that between Chartists and Liberals, the former up- holding the existing Constitution, the latter seek- ing to restore the Constitution of 1822, which rep- resented popular sovereignty. The later political history of the country has been that of a series of progressive movements originating in the prin- cipal cities and combated, usually with success, by the conservative element. A military revolt in September. 1836, forced the Queen to restore the Constitution of 1822, and gave their name to the Septembrists, who thereupon formed the Con- stitution of 1838, modeled upon that of 1822. Another militaiy revolt restored the Chartists to power in 1S42. and they governed the country un- der the leadership of Costa Cabral (q.v.) until in 1852 a new party k-no^ii as the Regenerators, composed of Septembrists and Chartist seceders, came into power under Saldanha, and established direct suffrage. The Queen died Xovember 1.5, 1853, leaving her husband. Prince Ferdinand of Coburg, as Regent during the minority of their son, Pedro V. The latter died Xovember 11, 1861, having refused to flee from the cholera-stricken citv of Lisbon. Ferdinand continued as Regent for the next heir, Luiz (1861-80). The autocratic methods of Saldanha split his party and finally resulted in 1877 in constituting the Progressist Party out of the more radical members of the old Liberal parties. A Republican Pajty came into existence in 1881 and has since been carrying on a more or less active propaganda, which was stimu- lated in 1889 by the success of the republican revolution in Brazil. The continued excess of ex- penditures over receipts and the consequent in- crease of the public debt has imposed a severe responsibility upon the Government and forms its most difficult problem. King Luiz died October 9, 1889, and was succeeded by his elder son, Carlos. See Charles I. See Political Paeties, section on PortiKjal. Bibliography. Aldama-Ayala, Compendio geofp-dfico-estadistico de Portugal y sus posesiones ultramarinas (Madrid, 1880) ; La Teillais, Etude historique, iconomique et politique sur les colonies portugaises; leur passe, leur avenir {FsLiis, 1872) ; Crawfurd, Portugal, Old and Keiv (London, 1880) ; Andrade Corvo, Estudos sobre as pro- rincias ultramarinas (Lisbon, 1883-87) ; Oliveii-a Martins, Portugal contcmporane (Lisbon, 1883) ; Crawfurd, Round the Calendar in Portugal (Lon- don, 1890) : Tavares de iledeiros. Das Staats- rrclit dcs Kijnigreiclis Portugal (Freiburg, 1892) ; Salisbury, Portugal and /f» People (London, 1893) ; Da Silva, Diccionario bibliograpliico por- iuguez (9 vols., Lisbon, 1858-70) ; Annes de bihliographica portugueza (Oporto, 1889). For ethnology, consult: Ribiero, Estudos pre- historicos en Portugal (Lisbon, 1878-80) ; Her- bert, Portugal and Galieia (London, 1848) ; Car- tailhac, Les ages prehistoriques de VEspagne et du Portugal (Paris, 1886). For history, consult : F. d'Urban and J. F. INlielle, Eistoire generate de Portugal (9 vols., Paris, 1829), based on a work with the same title by Laclede (2 vols., Paris, 1735) ; E. A. de Betten- court, Descobrimentos, guerras, e conquistas dosi Portugueses em terras do ultramar 7ios seculos XV. e XVI. (Lisbon, 1881, 1882) ; M. T. Alves Xogueira, EvolurOes da civilisacao em Portugal (Paris. 1893). Dunham, History of Spaiti and Portugal (5 vols., Philadelphia, 1832) ; Mac Murdo and Monteiro, History of Portugal (Lon- don, 1888) ; Morse Stephens, Portugal, "Story of the Nations Series" (London, 1890) ; Schiir, Gcschichte von Portugal (5 vols., Hamburg, 1836-54) ; Latino C'oelho, Historia politiea e militar de Portugal (Lisbon, 1874-96) : Oliveira IMartins, Historia de Portugal (4th ed., Lisbon, 1880) ; Zimmermann, Dip Kolonialpolitik Por- tugaU und Spaniens (Berlin, 1896) ; Pin- heiro Chagas, Historia de Portugal (8 vols., Lis- bon, 1877) ; Seignobos, Histoire politique de V Europe contemporaine (London, 1900). PORTUGAL, por'tofvgal', IMarcos Ajjtonio (1702-1830). A Portuguese composer, born in Lisbon. He was educated at the Priests' Semi- nary in his native town and continued his musi-