Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/330

* PORTRAITURE. 278 PORT-ROYAL-DES-CHAMPS. of the sculptors, like Hoiidou, and in the work of the great jiortrait-eiigravers like Xantcuil and Edelinck. In England an art of a realistic char- actiT flourished in the portraits of Reynolds, Gainsborough, Larence, and in those of Raeburn in Scotland. Portraiture has always been greatly in demand in England in aristocratic and court circles, and the greatest painters there have usually been portraitists. During the nineteenth century the demand for portraits by no means decreased, and nearly all of the great figure ])ainters have also been por- traitists. In France Classicists, Realists, and Impressionists, have all contributed their quota to the evolution of tlie portrait, and to mention the names of those who have done good portrai- ture would be to enumerate the great figure paint- ers of France. In the opinion of modern critics the portraits of classicists like David, Gerard, and Ingres are their very best work ; at the pres- ent day Bonnat, Carolus Duran, and lienjamin- Constant are most universally known. In Ger- many ])ortraitxire has been less productive, but Lenbach, whose coloristic work is based upon that of the old masters, has done some of the best por- traiture of the century. During the last half of the nineteenth century England has produced a series of good portrait painters in Millais, Herko- mer, G. F. ^'atts, and Orchardson. English sculpture (q.v.) has succeeded best in portraiture while in France the portrait work of men like Rodin and Falgui&re is the very highest of its kind. Portraiture in medallions, which even at the time of the Renaissance, was prominent in French art. has acliieved a very high development in the nineteenth century in the work of David d'Angers. Roty, Cliaplain, Vernon. The earliest American portraitists of the col- onial and revolutionary periods like Copley, Trumbull, and Sully, resemble contempory Eng- lish painters in their eclectic manner, except (ilbert Stuart, who occasionally did work of a high order. Men of the middle period (see I'M>'TIXG) were Harding. Healy. Huntington, and Page and Eastman Johnston. In recent years America has produced a nunil)er of portraitists of exceptional ability, trained, for the most part, in France. Wliistler's refined likenesses may be compared to those of Velazquez; Sargent, bril- liant, modern, and realistic, will bear comparison with any living portraitist; and among many others doing excellent work may be mentioned Chase, Melchers, and Cecilia Beairx. Portrait statuary has acliieved equally great results iu the works of Saint Ciaudens. Macmonnies, Bart- lett, and others. See BtST.s for the development of this important branch of sculpture. BrBLiOGRATHY. For antique jiortraiture con- sult the articles referred t<i under IcoNOGKAPHT. See also ^'on Seidlitz, Allqemeine geschichtliche Portratircrlcr (Munich. 189.5) : and the works of Marquet de Vasselot (Paris. 1880). and Pinset and d'Auriae (ib., 1884) entitled Hisloire dru por- trait oi France. PORTREE'. The seaport and chief town of Skye Island. Inverness, Scotland. See Skye. PORTREEVE (AS. portgercfa, from port, port + gerffa, reeve, probably from ge-, general- izing prefix + "rof, OHG. riiova. Icel. rof, num- ber, or from rof, famous. Goth. h)-vps. OHG. ruof, Ger. Riif, outcry, AS. hropan. to cry out). The principal magistrate in a maritime town. The chief officer under the Saxons in London was called the Portreeve, and the early mayors of that city and elsewhere were so designatied, but the word gradually came in time to mean a chief magistrate and sheriff of a port, whose duties were to represent the Crown, preserve order, and collect the revenues. The term is still used in certain parts of England to designate a port warden. PORT REPUBLIC AIN, por ra'py'ble'kaN'. The capital of Haiti. See Pobt-au-Pkln'CE. PORT ROYAL. A British naval station on the W est Indian island of Jamaica, situated on a. sandy spit at the entrance to Kingston harlior (Map: Cuba J 9). It is the principal station of the British naval forces in the Carihljean. and contains an arsenal, barracks, and a mililaiy hospital. The old Port Royal, which before its destruction by earthquake in 1093 was one of the cliief towns of the West Indies, stood near the site of the present town. PORT ROYAL. A village in Beaufort County, S. C, the terminus of the Port Royal and Augusta Railroad. Population, in 1900, 001. In this vicinity, in 1604, Captain Ribault, at the head of a company of French Huguenots, built a fort, which, in the following year, was taken by a force of Spaniards under Menendcz, who mas- sacred all the garrison; and in 1686 Lord Card- ros^ founded a town, which was almost immedi- ately broken up by the Spaniards. At the out- break of the Civil "ar the entrance to Port Royal Sound, some distance below the town, was forti- fied by the Confederates, Fort Beauregard being built north of the entrance and Fort Walker south of it. Against the.se fortifications a strong Federal squadron, consisting of two frigates, three sloops, and seven gunboats, all under Captain (later Rear-Aduiiral) Du Pont, was sent late in 1801, and on November 7th the forts were cap- tured and the harbor secured. The Confederate forces at this point were commanded by Gen. Thomas F. Drayton. The Federal loss in killed and wounded was about 30. that of the Confeder- ates about 50. Consult .Tolmson and Buel ( eds. ), Bailies and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. i (New York, 1887). PORT-ROYAL-DES-CHAMPS, pOr rwil'yal' da-shii:^'. A convent of the Cistercian or Ber- nardine nuns, near Versailles, which obtained much celebrity during the seventeenth century as a centre of Jansenism. It was founded by the wife of Mathieu de Montmorency in 1204 and soon after its establishment obtained from the Pojie the privilege of receiving lay persons who, without taking monastic vows, desired to live in religious retirement. This feature of the Port- Royal rule became l.-'ter of great importance. The discipline of the convent was much relaxed in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and the superior was appointed from worldly or political motives. In 1002 Angelique Arnauld, sister of tlie cele- brated brothers Arnauld, was appointed, when a child, coadjutrix of the abbess, whom she suc- ceeded at the age of eleven. As the new abbess advanced in years, she tmdertook a reformation of the community in all its de- tails — demanding a strict observance of relig- ious poverty, abstinence from meat, complete seclusion, and the most severe ascetic exer- cises. The community removed to Paris in 1626, and in 1633 obtained a new convent, which