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* POPE. 246 POPINJAY. been reinforced by a larfje part of the Army of the Potomac, he was badly defeated by Lee and Jackson at the second battle of Bull Kun (q.v.). August 29 and 30, 1802. and vas forced to retire to the defenses of Washinjrton. He at- tributed his defeat to the inactivity of the army under JlcClcIlan and to the failure of certain officers, particularly of General Fitz-.Tohn Porter, to carry out his orders. A court-martial found Porter guilty and dismissed him from the service, but years afterwards the decision was reversed. Pope himself asked to be relieved from command: the request was gi-anted, and he was sent to carry on the war against the Sioux Indians. There has been much dispute as to Pope's responsibility for the disastrous outcome of his campaign against Jackson and Lee, but the weight of opinion has on the whole been unfavorable to him. In Janu- ary, 1865, after the close of the Indian war. Pope was placed in command of the military Division of the Missouri, which was later enlarged into the Department of the Missouri. In 1807-68 he com- manded the Third Military District organized un- der the Reconstruction Act: in 1868-70, the De- partment of the Lakes: from 1870 to 1884, the Department of the Missouri; in 1882 was made major-general in the Regular Army; and from 1884 until his retirement in 1880 commanded the Department of the Pacitic. He published a report of his explorations for a railroad in vol. ii. of Reports of Explorations for a Ifailroad (1855), and The Virginia Campaign (1863). For an excellent account of his campaign against Lee and Jackson, consult Ropes, The Army Under Pope (New York, 1881). POPE, Sir THOMA.S (c.1.507-50). An English administrator, founder of Trinity College, Ox- ford. He was born near IBanbury. studied at Eton, and entered the employ of Lord Chancellor Audley, who aided much Poj)e's advancement. Clerk of briefs to the Star Chamber in 1332, he was knighted in 1537 and by 1544 had become a member of the Privy Council. Thanks to his relations with this body, he received many grants of monastic property, and under Mary and Eliza- beth regained the favor he lost mider Edward VI. In 1555, being one of the richest commoners of England, he foimded at Oxford the College of "the Holy and Undivided Trinity." POPE, William BiRT (1822-1903). A Meth- odist theologian, the first to write from the stand- point of modern theological science. He was born at Grand Pre, Xova Scotia; was educated at Rich- mond College, London : was pastor in England, 1841-67: and in the latter year became professor of theology at Didsbury College, Manchester. He is the author of Disco^irscs on the Kingdom and Reign of Christ (1869) : Fernley Lectures on The Person of Christ (1875: 3d ed."l899) ; Christian Theology (2d ed.. 3 vols., 1877-80) : The Prayers of St. Paul (1870) : Sermons and Addresses (1878); and A Higher Catechism of Theology (1883). POPE OF GENEVA, Tue. A popular name given to Calvin. POPERINGHE, pop'raxg'. A town in the Province of West Flanders, Belgium, six and a half miles from Ypres by rail and four miles from the French frontier (Map: Belgium, A 4). The town is walled and its thirteenth-centurv parish church is interesting. Its manufactures, which date from mediieval days, include lace, linens, and woolen cloths. Hops are grown in the dis- trict. Population, in 1890, 11,112; in 1900, 11,552. POPERY LAWS. A term employed to desig- nate certain legislation in England directed against the temporal and ecclesiastical power of the Pope. The first of these statutes seems to have been enacted in the reign of Edward I. In the reign of Richard II. the famous Statute of Prsemunire (q.v.) w'as enacted. A number of these old laws still exist on the statute books. Freedom of religion is one of our institutions, and no similar laws exist in the United States. Con- sult Blackstone, Commentaries. POPEYE. A fish of the North Pacific (J/a- criinis eincrcus), one of the grenadiers (q.v.), and so excessively numerous in the depths of Bering Sea that it outnumbers all other fishes there, and furnishes an abundance of food for the marine animals of that region, POPHAM, pOp'am, George (1.5.50-1008). An English colonist, born in Somersetshire. As an associate of Sir Ferdinando Ciorges in a coloniza- tion scheme for a part of Maine, he sailed from Plymouth, England, in 1607, with two ships and 100 men, and landing at the mouth of the Kenne- bec River, there made the first English settle- ment in New England, building a storehouse and a fortification which was called Fort Saint George. Popham was elected President of the new colony, but died the following year, and the colonists, becoming disheartened by the severity of the climate, returned in the spring to England. POPHAM, Sir John (c.1531-1007). An Eng- lish jurist. He was born at Wellington, Somer- setshire, studied at Balliol College. Oxford, and in the Middle Temple, and may have been a mem- ber of Parliament in Mary's days. He was certainly recorder of Parliament in 1571, and from 1572 to 1583, and in 1580 was elected Speaker. A year afterwards he became Attorney- General. In 1592, after conducting many State trials as Crown prosecutor, especially those of the Babbington conspiracies, Popham was made Chief Justice and was knighted. A severe judge, he presided at the trial of those implicated in Essex's insurrection, of Sir Walter Raleigh, and of Guy Fawkes. He wrote Reports and Cases (1656), a work of small value. He became in- terested in American colonization, and with Fer- dinando C4orges obtained from James I. patents for two companies known respectively as the London Company and the Plymouth Company, the patentees being authorized to make settle- ments in America and maintain a general gov- ernment for twenty-one years. Popham sent out an exploring expedition inider Martin Pring, and in the following year the short-lived Popham colony, under his brother, George Popham, was established at the mouth of the Kennebec River in what is now the State of Maine. POPINJAY (OF. popejaye, papegai. papegau, papcgaut. Fr. papegai, papegaut. parrot, from ML. paprgallus. from !^IGk. irorravdXXos, papa- gallos, TraTrayit. popagas, parrot). A name of the green woodpecker {Piciis viridis), a bird common in most of the wooded districts of Eng- land and Scotland. (.See Woodpecker.) The name was originally applied to parrots, but is