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* POMPEII. 229 POMPEITJS. Pompei vor der ZeraturuiKj : lieconstructionen dir Tciiipel und Hirer Vingchung (Leipzig, I.SIIT). Consult also Duhn and Jaco!)!, Utr grie- chisrhc Tempel in Pomptrji (Heidelberg, 18!)0). J"or the discoveries near Boseoreale, see Heron de Villefosse, Le tresor de Boseoreale, in Monuments plot, vol. V. (Paris, 1899) ; Barnabei, I^i villa Pompeiana di P. Fannio Sinistore seoperta pres- so Boseoreale (Rome, 1801). The older works arc in general not very trustworthy; among the most important for their illustrations are ila- zo'is. Lcs mines de Pompei (Paris, 1824-38) ; Koux and Barre, Hereulaneum et Pompei (8 vols., ib., 1841); Nieolini, Lc ease ed i monu- vicnti di Pompei (Naples, 1854-96) ; Real Museo Borhonico (16 vols., ib., 1824-.57). On the paint- ings, consult: Kahn, Die sehonsten Ormimente vnd merlcioiirdigsten Gemiilde au» Pompei (Ber- lin, 1828-59) ; Rochette, Choix de pcintures de Pompei (Paris, 1844-53) ; D'Am^lio, Pompei: dipinti murali (Naples, 1898 et seq.) ; and espe- cially Helbig, L'niersuekungen iiher die campan- isclw M'andmalerel (Leipzig, 1873) ; id., ^Vand- gemalde der rom Vesuv verschiitleten Htadte Campaniens (ib., 1868) ; Mau, Gesehichte der decoraiiren Wandtnalerei in Pompei (Berlin, 1882) ; Sogliano, "La easa dei Vetii in Pompeii," in Monumenti antichi, vol, viii. (Milan, 1898), Important discussions are contained in Xissen, Pompejanische Sludien (Leipzig, 1877), and Ma.i, Pompejanische Beitriige ( Berlin, 1879), A full bibliography is given in Furcliheim, Biblio- ip-nfia de Pompei, Ercolano c Htahia (2d ed,, Naples, 1891). POMPEITJS, Gn.eus Magnus, commonly known as PoMPEY, or Pompey the Gbe.t (b.c. 106-48). A famous Roman general and states- man. He was a son of Gnteus Pompeius Strabo. At the early age of seventeen he be- gan to learn the military art under his father by service in the field again.st the Italians in the Social War. Though so young, he gave proof of extraordinary valor and of remarkable energy of character. On the death of his father in B.C. 87, when he was only nineteen years of age, he was left without a protector, and during the temporary triumph of the Marian party he was for some time in considerable danger. When Sulla, to whose side he was attached, returned from Greece to Italy to oppose Marius, Pompey hastened into Picenum, where he had considerable estates and influence, and there raised an army of three legions, with which he successfully opposed the forces of the Marian party, compelling them to quit the district, and effecting a junction with vSulla. During the rest of the war he conducted himself with great prudence and valor, and with such remarkable success, that on the restoration of peace in Italy, the conduct of the war against the remains of the Marian faction in Africa and Sicily was intrusted to him. He speedily per- formed this commission, and on his return to Rome was honored with the name of Magnus (i.e. 'the Great'), and with a triumph, which, for one who had not yet held any pul)lic office, and was merely an eques. was an unprecedented distinction. His next exploits were the reduction of the followers of Lepidns, whom he drove out of Italy, and the extinction of the ilarian party in Sp,Tin, led on by the brave Sertorius. This latter work was one of no small difficulty. Pom- pey suffered some severe defeats at the hands of Sertorius, and it wa^ only after Sertorius had been assassinated that he was able to put an end to the war. In returning to Italy, he fell in with and defeated the remnants of the army of Spar- tacus, and thus claimed the credit of concluding the Servile War. He was now the idol of the people, and, though legally ineligible to the consulship, was elected to that important office for the year 70, the senate relieving him of his disabilities rather than provoke him to extremities. Hitherto Pom- pey had belonged to the aristocratic party; but, as he had of late years lieen looked upon with suspicion by some of the leading men, he publicly es^ioused the people's cause. He carried a law restoring the tribunician power to the people, and aided largel}' in introducing the bill of Au- relius Cotta {lex Aurelia), that the judices should for the future be taken from the senate, the equites, and the trihuni acrarii. instead of from the senate alone. In B.C. 07-66 Pompej' per- formed a noble service for the Republic in clearing the ilediterranean of the Cilician pirates who infested it in immense numbers; and during the next three years, 65-63, he conquered ilithvidates. King of Pontus, and Tigranes, King of Armenia, annexed Syria to the Roman dominions, took Jerusalem, and made Judea tributary to Rome. On his return to Italy he disbanded his army, and entered Rome in triumph for the third time in 61, After his return he was anxious that his acts in A.sia should be ratified by the senate and certain lands apportioned among his veteran sol- diers. But the senate declined to accede to his wish, and he therefore formed a close intimacy and mutual alliance with C*sar. Crassus. who possessed enormous wealth, and who exercised a wide influence at Rome, was induced to forego his grudge to Pompey, and thus these three men formed among themselves that coalition which is commonly called 'the first triumvirate,' and which for a time frustrated all the efforts of the aristocratic party. This small oligarchy carried all before them. Caesar's daughter, .Julia, was given in marriage to Pompey, and private relationship was thus made to bind tighter the tie of political interest. And now, for some years following, C;esar was reaping laurels in Gaul, and rising higher in pop- ular esteem as a warrior and statesman, while Pompey was idly wasting his time and his ener- gies at Rome, But Pompey could not bear a rival. Jealousies sprang up; Julia died in 54. Pompey returned to his former friends, the aris- tocracy, whose great desire was to check Caesar's views and to strip him of his command. C.Tsar was ordered to lay down his office and return to Rome, which he consented to do, provided Pom- pey, who had an army near Rome, would do the same. The senate insisted on an unconditional resignation, and ordered him to disband his army by a certain day, otherwise he would be declared a public enemy. To this resolution two of the tribunes in vain objected; they therefore left the city and cast themselves on Caesar for protection. It was on this memorable occasion that he crossed the Rubicon, and thus defied the senate and its armies, which were under Pompey's command. The events of the civil war which followed have been recorded in the life of C:rsar. It remains only to mention that after being finally defeated at Pharsalia in 48 Pompey escaped to Egypt, where, according to the order of the King's min-