Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/262

* POLYZOA. 224 POMBAL. Sdentificatinn, very few of thoni have served as horizon-markers or index-fossils. The one prom- inent exception to this rule is the genus Archi- medes, with its screw-sliaped axis, which is so ahundant in some parts of the Carhoniferous rorks. In Xorth America the Trenton. Cincin- nati, and Hamilton groups are especially prolifV sources of supply. The European Mesozoic and Tertiary deposits abound in them, one author. D'Orbigny, having described about 850 species '■'"^^^tfiii-'^l-tr'^''"^' A TVPlCAl, P0I.V20AN. 1. .^nimat of llowerhaokia densa fully expanded : a, pbar> nx : /;, cardia: f, gizzard; (/.stomach; e, pylorus: f, int»'stiiie; fn, anus: U, muscles. 2. The same auinial when cnmplctely retracted : J. k, opercular retractor muscles. 3. Au Immature animal. 4. . bud in its earliest state. from the Upper Cretaceous beds alone, while the rocks of these ages in Xorth America are com- paratively lacking in them. The Xorth American Paleozoic has afforded about l.'i2.5 species, distrib- uted under 170 genera. S-e Von Zittcl and Easl- nian. Texthool; of I'alcuntijliiriii. vol. i. ( Xew York and London. 1900) : and Xicklcs and Bass- ler. "Synopsis of American Fossil Bryozoa. In- cluding Bibliography and Synonymy." Bulletin of the I'luted Stiites Geological liurrcy, Xo. 173 (Va>liiii,i.'t.m. 11100). POMACE FLY (ML. pomacium, cider, from Lat. pomum. a])])lc. pome). One of the small yellowish flies of the genus Drosophila. very com- mon about the refuse of cider mills and ferment- ing vats of grape pomace: also in houses about overripe or decaying fruit, in which they lay their eggs. The larva' also breed occasionally in decaying animal matter and in excrcmentitious matter, and these Hies are hence undoubtedly instrumental in the spread of disease by fre- quenting the dining-rooms of unscreened houses. POMABE. The name of four sovereigns of the Society Islands, of whom Pomare IV., Queen of Tahiti (1813-77), is best known. During her reign France, using the native chiefs as instru- ments, seized upon the islands in 1842. estab- lished a protectorate, and in 1880 annexed tbem. A revolution in 18.52 forced Queen Pomare to alxlicate in favor of her children. See Tahiti; .SociKTY Islands. POMBAL, pOx'bil', Sebastiao Jos£ de Cab- VAi.uu E Mkllo, iMarquis of (101)9-1782). A Portuguese di])lomat and statesman, known to his countrynu'n as -The (ireat Marquis.' He was born May 13, 1699. at the Castle of Soure, near Coimbra. xftcr studying law at C'oinibra and serving a short time in the army. Pombal was given an appointment in the service of the Por- tuguese Government. In 1739 he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary to the Court of London through tile influence of his uncle. Paulo Car- vallio, and held the position six years, after which he was sent to Vienna in a similar capa- city. He there married Countess Daun, and on returning to Lisbon, in 1750. he became ])cipular with the Austrian party in the Portuguese Court and was appointe(l Jlinister of Foreign Affairs by King .Toseidi. His activity was not confined to the external concerns of the realm. His first acts were to limit the power of the Inipiisition and also to rcattacli to the crown a great number of domains that had l)een unjustly alienated. Then followed the reorganization of the army, the in- troduction of fresh colonists in the Portuguese settlements, and the establishment of an East India company and a Brazilian company. He introduced into Brazil the cultivation of coffee, sugar, cotton, rice, indigo, and cacao, and freed the Indians from slavery. When the great earthquake of 1755 laid Lisbon waste Pombal displayed surpassin.s courage and energj' in bringing about the rcbuihlin.u of a greater and more beautiful cajiital. The King raised him to the rank of Count D'(X''ras. and in the following year ap))ointed him Prime Minister. He crushed an alleged conspiracy instigated, so he asserted, by the great nobles and the .Jesuits, the latter of wliom he expelled from Court, and in 1757 con- fined to their colleges. An attempt upon the life of the King, to which the .Tesuits were accused of being a party, but which some historians assert was a complot of Pombal himself to serve his own political ends, placed his enemies completely in his jiowcr. The leaders were severely punished by command of the Jlinister. Pombal made up his mind that the presence of the .Jesuits in Portugal was incompatilile with the security of the Government and the welfare of the nation, and by a royal decree of Seiitemlier 3. 1759. they were banished from the kingdom as rebels and enemies to the King. Pomlial bad them seized and carried on board ships, and transported to the States of the Church. The Pope. Clement XIII. , vehemently protested, whereupon Pombal caused the Papal Xuncio to be shown across the frontier. He also expelled the .Jesuits from the famous missions in Paraguay, which resulted in their complete destruction. All this time Pom- bal was laboring energetically to improve agri- culture in Portugal and the system of pri- mary education. In 1770 he was created Mar^ quis of Pombal. and from this period to the death of the King in 1777 he was at the very height of his power. The accession of .Toseph's daughter, Maria I., brought about his downfall.