Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/207

* POLAK RESEARCH. 171 POL DE MONT. discovered Alexander Land, and approached the great ice-barrier. Weddell (1S23) found open sea in 30° V. up to 74° 15' S., 34° 17' E., with no lanil seen. Biscoe (1831) discovered Adelaide and other islands, 67° S., 71° W., fronting West- ern Palmer Land, and gave to the mainland the name Graham Land. Larsen (1893) extended the east coast some 300 miles, to 68° 10' S., find- ins also two snow-free islands capped by active volcanoes. The Belgian De Gerlache ( 1897- 99) discovered Belgica Strait, west of Palmer Land, explored adjacent regions, and determined tlic non-existence of the reported land of Walker and Cook 1.50° E. He also located a submarine and continental plateau, 75° to 103° W., 70° to 71.5° S., and attained 71° 36' S., 87° 39' W., with no land in sight. O. Xordenskiold (1902) began a series of explorations east of Palmer Land. Kergueijen Island. In a hazardous voyage J. Biscoe (1831) skirted one-third of the Ant- arctic Circle, and south of Kerguelen discovered Enderby Land, 47° S., 66° E. Others have here entered the circle, without seeing land : Bellings- hausen 20° and 40° W. and Nares in the ChaVentjer (1874) 68° 40' S., 78° E. The Ger- mans under Dr. Drygalski in the Gauss set out from Kerguelen Island on Januaiy 31, 1902, and were frozen in the ice for nearly a year in 66° 30' S.. 90' E. They proved the non-existence of Ter- mination Land and discovered a new land, to which they gave the name of Kaiser Wilhelm Land. Its extent was not learned. Tasm.vma. The mo.st important discoveries have been accomplished by this route. The first visitors were Cook (1773), who reached 67° 31' S.. 142° 54' W., and Bellingshausen (1820). who reached 67° S., 170° W.. neither seeing land. Ballenv (1839) first discovered land, the Ballenv Islands. 67° S., 163° E., and Sabrina Land, 66° S., 120° E.. and attained at sea 69° S.. 172° E. In 1839 C. Wilkes discovered land at six different points between 65° 20' and 66° 20' S., and 106° to 154° E., 75 miles of mountain ranges being in sight at once, all faced by an ice-barrier. Whether these are separate islands or the continent of Antarctica has been hotly argued. D'Urville, was sighted two of Wilkes's lands also, discov- ered, in 1840. Adelie Island. 67° S.. 140° W. In 1841 .1. C. Ross discovered Victoria Land and traced its east coast to 77° S., a mountain- ous, ice-capped region, with two great volcanoes, Erebus and Terror, of which the first is active. Ross thence followed east (1S43) for 300 miles an unbroken ice-barrier, abotit 200 feet hish. to 78° 10' S.. 161° 27' W.. then the farthest south. In 1809 Borchgrevink wintered at Cape Adare, 71° 18' S.. 170° E.. and explored the adjacent iceclad regions, finding five kinds of lichens and a few insects. His magnetic observations place the south magnetic pole in about 73° 20' S., 146° E.. a displacement of over six degrees of longi- tude from the determination of J. C. Ross (1842). 72° 35' S., 1.52° .30' E. Borchgrevink also followed the ice-barrier, which had appa- rently receded some 40 miles in 60 years, and ascending it at 78° 34' S.. attained on the ice 78° .50' S.. 165° W. An English expedition under Scott spent the winter of 1902 in Victoria Land, and in the succeeding summer (.Tanuary. 1903) the commander, with two members of his partv. bv a sledse journev, reached the latitude of 82° 17' S.. 163° E., on the coast of Victoria Vol. XVI —J2. Land. Another expedition under Armitage pene- tiatcd the interior of Victoria Land, found the ice-cap thousands of feet in thickness, and at- tained to 77° 21' S. and 157° E. BiBUOGKAPuy. Arctic: Rundall, Voyages To- icards the North West, l^iie-lOSl (1859); Scor- esby, An Account of the Arctic Regions and of the' Vrhale Fishery (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1820) ; Pariy, ?i'arrative of an Attempt to reach the i'ort^h Pole,18?.-l (London, 1828) ; Franklin. ./our- ncji to the Shores of the I'olar Ocean ( London, 1824) ; JlcClintock, A Sanative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir'John Franklin (London, 1859; 5th ed. 1881) ; Gilder, Hchwatka's Search for the Franklin Jtccord (New York, 1880) ; Richardson, The Polar Regions (Edinburgh, 1861); A. H. JIarkham, The Great Frozen Sea (London, 1878) ; Xares, Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea, lS7o-76 (London, 1878) ; Reports on the six voy- ages of the ^yillem Barents in 1878-83 (Amster- dam and Haarlem, 1879-87) ; Meddclelser om Gronlmul, by various authors (16 vols., Copen- hagen, 1879-95) ; Manuul of the Satural History, Geology, and Physics of Greenland and the Xcigh- horing Regions, published by the British Admi- ralty (London, 1875) ; International Polar Scien- tific Publications, 31 vols.; Heer. Flora Fossilica Arctica (7 vols., Zurich, 1868-80) ; Flora Fossil- ia Gronlandia (2 vols., ib., 1882-83) ; Arctic Geography and Ethnology, published by the Royal Geographical Society (London, 1875) ; Greely, Three Years of Arctic Service (2 vols., Xew York, 1886) and Handbook of Arctic Discoveries (Bos- ton, 1896) ; Payer. Xew Land Within the Arrlio Circle (2 vols., London, 1876) ; Nordenskiold, The Voyage of the Vega (ib., 1881) ; De Long, The Voyage of the Jeannette (2 vols., ib., 1883) ; C. Ryder, Isfornholdene i yordhavet JS77-7S92 (Copenhagen, 1896): Xansen, Farthest Xorth (2 vols., London, 1897) ; Pear-, Xorthicard Over the Great Ice (2 vols.. New Y'ork, 1898) ; Duke of the Abruzzi, On the I'olar Star in the Arctic Sea (2 vols., ib., 1903). Antarctic: Wilkes, 'Narrdtive of the United States Exploring Expedition, in 1838-42 (Phila- delphia, 1845) : D. Irville, Voyage au Pole Sud et dans I'Occanie (Paris, 1845-47) ; Ross. Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern and Antarctic Regions, in 1839-43 (London, 1847); Rainaud, Le Continent Austral. Hypotheses et Dccouvertes (Paris. 1893) ; JIurdoch. From Edin- burgh to the Antartic, in 1802-93 (London, 1894) ; Bull. The Cruise of the Antarctic to the South Polar Regions, in 1894-95 (London. 1896); Fricker. Antarktis (Berlin, 1898), translated as The Antarctic Regions (London, 1900) : Cook, Throufih the First Antarctic yight. in 1898-99 (Xew Y'ork. 1900) : Bernacchi. To the South Polar Regions (London. 1001): The Antarctic Manual, published by the Royal Geographical Society (London, 1901) : Chun. Aus den Tiefen des Welt- mecres (.lena. 1000 | : Borchgrevink, First on the Antarctic Continent (London, 1001); Xeumayer, Aiif zum Siidpol (Berlin. 1001 ): Gerlache. Quinze mois dans Vantarctique (Paris, 1002) ; Baleh. Antarctica (Philadelphia, 1902). POLAR WHALE. The Greenland or 'right' whale. Sec Whale. POL DE MONT, p61 dr mox (properly Karel Marie Por.Yiinon Dr. :IoNT) (1857—). A Flem- ish poet and critic, horn at Wambeke. Brabant. He was educated at the Mechlin Seminary, and