Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/164

* PLUM INSECTS. 132 PLURALISM. stone. It reaches full growtli in from three to livu weeks. Tlie fruit meantime' lia.s become dis- ca.sed, and has fallen prcmalurel.v to the •■round. The larva leaves the fallen fruit, enters the ground to a depth of from four to six inches, and transforms to pujia in an rarlhcn cell, issii- ing in from three to six weeks in the adult condi- tion. The inse.t is single-brooded and hibernates as an adult. The beetles emerge from hiberna- tion when the trees are about to blossom, feed for some time by puncturing the twigs and buds, and lay their eggs in the fruit soon after it is formed". The best remedies consist in si)ra.yiug the trees with an arsenical mixture diring the feeding-time of the beetles, and afterwards in jarring them, causing the beetles to fall from the branches, when they are caught in cloth recepta- cles and destroyed. This jarring method is car- ried on with great success in some of the largest orchards in the country. PLUM CDHCiTLio {CoDotmcbelus nenvphar) and its work. a. Adult beetle; /). a .young plum attacked by the larva; c, cherry affected by the larvie. Very few other insects are s'pecifically con- nected" with the i)luni. The larva of one of the sphinx moths {.S'/^/iiHor (Irupifcnirum) feeds upon the foliage, and a numljer of oilier species are found more or less abundantly eating the leaves. None of them, however, are ever suliiciently abun- dant to cause nnirked damage. As mentioned under Peach Insects, the peaclitrce borer some- times attacks the trunks of plum trees. Another weevil occasionally damages the fruit, and this species, the 'plum gouger' {C'occolorus scutel- laris), is especially abundant in parts of the West. It ai)pears in the spring, about the same time as the ])lum eurculio, lint, instead of cut- ting a crescent-shaped flap, liores a round hole in the fruit like the puncture of a pin. The larva, in.stead of feeding around the stone of the fruit, works its way through the soft shell of the stone and feeds upon the kernel. Consult Saunders, Insects Injurious to Fruits (Philadelphia. 1880). PLUM'MER, Caleb. A poor old toy-maker in Dickens's I'rirlcct on the Heiirth. who pretends to his blind daughter Bertha that he is young and ha[ipy. and that their wretched home is a palace. PLUMPTRE, plump'tre. Edward Hayes (1821-01). An English scholar, lie was born in London, August (i. 1821 ; educated at University College. Oxford: became fellow of Brasenose in 1844; was chaplain at King's College, London, 1847-68; professor of pastoral theology there, 18.5.3-.3; professor of the exegesis of the New Testament. 18(14-81; assistant preacher at Lin- coln's Inn. IS.'Jl-.'jS; preljendary of Saint Paul's, ISfi.S-Sl ; Bovle lecturer. ISOfi;' became rector of Pluckley. 18fiO. and vicar of Bickley, 1873; was one of the Old Testament company of revisers appointed by Convocation, 180-;4; became Dean of Wells, 1881. Besides volumes of verses, Lazarus and Other I'uems (18li4), Master and Scholar (1800), Things yew and Old (18S4), he published poetical translations of Sophocles (180,5), j^ischylus (1808), and of Dante's Oivina commedia and Vunzoniere (188ti-87), the lat- ter particularly helpful in its notes. In prose, besi<les contributions to various commentaries, dictionaries, and periodicals, he wrote Christ and Christendom (187); Bihlieul ^Studies (1870); Morcnients in lieliyiuus Thought: Homiinism, Protestantism, and Agnosticism (1870); The l^pirits in Prison (1884); Life and Letters of Bishop Ken (1888) ; and Wells Cathedral and Its Deans (188S). He died in Wells. Eebruary 1. 1801. PLUETK'ET, William Conynchaii (170.')- 1854). A British advocate, orator, and states- man, born at Enniskillen, Ireland. He graduated at Dublin Iniversity in 1784, studied law in Lon- don, was called to the bar in Ireland ( 1787 ), and made King's counsel ten years later. He sal in the Irish Parliament for" the last two years of its existence (1780-1800), and was denounced as a renegade when he became Sidieilor-(ieiu'ral (1803). Attornev-Cieneral for Ireland in Pitt's Government (180.5). he was elected in 1807, and sat again in 1812-22 in the English House of Commons, where he made his mark as the most elo- quent Protestant pleader for Cathojic emancipa- tion. Once more Attorney-General for Ireland (1822), he became a peer and Chief Justice (1827) and was Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1830 until 1841. when he retired. Consult the memoir by F. Douglass How^ (New York, 1001). PLURALISM (from plural, OF. plurel Ft. pluriel, from Lat. pluralis, relating to many, from plus, OLat. pleor, more; connected with (ik. ireluv, pleifjn. more. 7roXi5s, pol)is. much, numy, Skt. puni. OPers. paru. Olr. il, (ioth., OHG. fitu. Gcr. viel, AS. fedu, archaic Eng. feel, many, and ultimately with Eng. full). In canon law, the possession by the same person of two or more ecclesiastical olliees, whether of dignity or of emolument. Pluralism has been held unlawful from the earliest times, and is forbidden by many ancient councils, as Chalcedon (451) and the second of Niesea (787), on the ground of the im- possibility, in ordinary cases, of the same indi- vidual adequately discharging the duties of more than one office. The rule by whi(!h disi)ensa- tions from the law of residence are to be regulated, as well as the penalties for its viola- tion, whether on the part of the patron or on that of the recipient, have formed the subject of frequent legislation. In general, it may be said that the canon law regards as incom- patiMe (1) two benefices each having the cure of souls; (2) two 'dignities'; (3) a 'dignity' and a cure of souls ; (41a cure of souls and a simple benefice requiring residence. In other cases than these the Pope is held to have the power of dis- pensing. Although a constant effort was made to prevent abuse, the evasions of the law were formerly frequent, especially for noble or learned persons, but now are very rare in the Roman Catholic Church. The En- glish law, before the Reformation, in the main coincided with the canon law. and the legislation of Henry VIII. preserved the same general spirit, only substituting the dispensing power of the