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* PLAIN CHANT. 88 iBboii, 18i)C) ; P. Wagner, Ehijiihrunij in die yn fiuriiinischcn Mclottitn (Freiburg, 1895) ; Briggs, llistoii) and Clidracteritilics of I'lain Song (Loniloii, ISlll); Looteiis, La thevric miisicalc du chant yiii/uiicn (Paris, 1895); Bonuzzi, J/c- todo teorelii-o-praciico di canto gregoriano (Solesmcs, 1894) : Pothicr, Les mflodiea gr^gori- ennes (Toiirnay, 1880) ; Dickinson, Music in the History of tile Western Church (New York, 1902). PLAIN DEALER, The. A comedy by Wil- liam Wyoherley, produced in 1074, printed in 1(377. The plan was taken from Molifre's Lc mis- anlhro/'C. but the tone of this repulsive story is quite ilillereiit. The principal characters arc the sea-captain, Manly, the Plain Dealer, the crafty and oilious Olivia, and the comic Widow Black- acre and her son. PLAIN'FIELD. A town including several villages, in Windham County, Conn., 16 miles nortlieast of Norwich ; on the t^uincbaug and Moosup rivers, and on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (Map: Connecticut. H 3). It has public libraries at Moosup and Plainfield villages, and in Plainfield village is the old Plain- field Academy, which was one of the best known in New Kngland toward the close of the eigh- teenth century. The chief industrial establish- ments incUule cotton and woolen mills, thread and yarn factories, a foundry, and wagon shops. The government is administered by town meet- ings. Plainfield. originally called Quinebeag. was settled about l(i91 and was organized as a town in 1099. Population, in 1890, 4582; in 1900, 4821. PLAINFIELD. A city in Union County, K. J.. 24 miles west by south of New York City, of which it is a residential suburb; on the Cen- tral Railroad of New Jersey (Map: New Jersey, D 2). It is picturesqiiely situated at the base of the steep wooded ridge known as First Moun- tain, is well laid out, and has public parks, the Muhlenlierg Hospital, and a public library with more than 20.000 volumes. Plainfield is also an important industrial centre, its manufactures inchiding printing presses, machine tools, silk and cotton goods, carpets, kid gloves, chamois, cloth- ing, lumber products, carriages, etc. Population, in isno. 11.27; in 1900, 15,309. PLAINTIFF (OF. plain tif, complaining, from plaintc. complaint, from I.at. plnnctus, lamenta- tion, beating of the breast in grief, from plaiigerc, to strike). I'ndcr the common law systein of pleading and modern codes, a person who insti- tutes or maintains a civil action or proceeding against another, who is called the defendant. Where a proceeding is commenced by petition, as in a surrogate's coiirt, the moving party is usual- ly called the 'petitioner.' In many jurisdictions a party commencing an action in equity is called the complainant, but under most systems of re- formed procedure nn distinction of this sort is made. A plaint ifV may be one who prosecutes an action on his own behalf, or who does so as a representative for the benefit of another, in which case he adds to his name a description of his ofTieial or representative capacity, as 'A, guardian ad litem of B. an infant, etc' A person who brings an action in a representa- tive capacity is sometimes called a plaintilT ad litem. A person who maintains a proceeding or action in an admiralty court is called a libellant. PLANCHETTE. Consult the authorities referred to under Plead- ing. PLAN. A drawing or design representing a horizontal section of a building. It is dis- tinguished from an elevation which represents a vertical section, and best shows the extent of a structure and the distribution of the area into the component parts. PLANA, plii'na, Giovanni Antonio Amepeo, Baron (1781-1804). An Italian astronomer. He was educated at the Paris Polytechnic School. He held the chair of mathematics at the Alessan- dria artillery school, 1803-11, and in the latter year became professor of astronomy at the Uni- versity of Turin. In 1813 he was made director of the Turin observatory. His most important works are The Theory of the Attractitm of Ellip- tical Hphrroids (1810) and Theory of the Move- ment of the Moon (1832). He was a member of the French Academy. PLANA 'KIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. planurins. Hat). A genus of i)latyhelminthes (flatworms) characterized by liaving a Hat oval body covered with cilia. They live in fresh water., PLANCHE, plaN'sha', James Robinson (1790-1880). An English playwright and an- tiquary, born in Loudon February 27. 1790. He wrote for the London theatres more than 200 suc- cessful pieces. His first play was a burlesque, .4mo("o.5o. King of Little liritain (1818); hLs last was King Christmas, a masque (1871). He was at the height of his reputation from 1840 to 1850, when he was bringing out his burlesques and Christmas pieces for Madame Vestris at the Lyceum. Planchg had already gained a reputa- tion for his knowledge of costume and heraldry. In 1829 Planche was elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and in 1843 was one of the found- ers of the British Archaeological Society, to which he contributed many papers. In 1800 he was made Somerset Herald. He died at Chel- sea, May 30, 1880. Among his valuable works arc Costumes of Shakespeare's Kinq John (1823- 25) ; The Historg of British Costumes (1834) ; Regal liccords (1838) ; The Pursuivant of Arms, or Heraldry Foxinded upon Facts (18.52) ; and A Ci/clopwdia of Costume (1870-79). In 1879 ap- peared Extravaganzas in five volumes, and in 1881 Songs and Poems. Planche also |)ublished collections of fairy tales translated from the French and German. Consult his Recollections and Reflections (1872). PLANCHE, plJiNsh, Jean Bapti.ste Gustave (1808-57). A French critic. He was born in Paris, was educated at the Collfege Bourbon, and in 1831 began contributing to the Revue dcs Deux Mondes. He vas subsequently connected with the Journal des Dchafs (1832), and was an associate of Balzac on the f'hronique de Paris. He bitterly attacked the works of Victor Hugo and other writers of the Romantic School. His works in- clude Portraits littcraires (1830), Nouveaux por- traits litternires (1854), and Etudes sur les arts (1855). PLANCHETTE, pliiN'shet' (Fr., little board). A heart-shaped hoard seven or eight inches at its greatest breadth and length, mounted on two pantograph wheels, about two inches high at its widest part, while a pencil fastened at the apex forms its third support. Placed upon a table with a sheet of paper under it, and one or 11