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* PITTS. 78 a policy whii'li tliroatonod to subvert her do- minion in Italy. In April, 1847, the Pope announced th« insti- tution of n coiisulln, an advisory body consisting of deputies from the provinces. Wlien it assem- bled in Xovenibcr, I'ius IX. found that he had created a mouthpiece of radical deiiianda, vehe- 7iicntly set forth and backed by tlic populace, which" he was utterly unable to satisfy. A few months later the February Revolution of 1848 overtbrew the Orleanist monarchy in France, and the Papal States were borne alonj; on the flood of revolution which swept over Kurope. Pius IX. was forced, while yet unprepaied for it, to grant a regular constitution to his subjects,. which was pronuil^atcd on Marcb 14, 1848. It was an anomalous creation, providing for a triple machinery of legislation — a consistory of car- dinals, an advisory coincil appointed by the Pope, and a Parliament of two chambers. A few days after this event T.ombardy and Venice rose against the Austrians, anil Charles . )ert. King of Sardinia, embarked upon a war for the libera- tion of Italy. Pius IX. was dragged against his will into !i struggle with the House of Ila])sl)urg. which was to prove utterly futile. On June lltli the Pa])al forces were com])elled to surrender to the Austrians at Vicenza. n .luly 25th the King of Sardinia met with disaster at Custozza. The revolutionary elements now obtained complete mastery in Pome. On Novend)er loth the Pope's Prime Minister, Count Possi, was assassiiiateii us he w«s about to open the session of the Parlia- ment. Violent deuKmstrations took place daily to compel the Pope's assent to measures which he repudiated. He at first confined himself in the Quirinal, and on November 24th tied se- cretly from Koine, taking refuge in the Neapoli- tan fortress of (iaeta. A republic was proclaimed in Rome in February, 184!1. Pius IX. from his exile addressed a remonstrance to the various sovereigns. In April a Fn^ndi expedition, sent to restore the i'apal authority, buidcd at Civita- vecchia, which surrendered on .luly 2d, after a month's siege. The Pope's government was re- established, and in 18.50 he again entered upon the administration. He now declared that, in view of the unsettled condition of Italy and the failure of many of his early measures of im- provement, he could not proceed with the reforms which he had contemplated. With Cardinal An- tonelli as Secretary of State, the course of the Papal (Jovi'rnment became intensely rcactioiuiry. In 1800, after the war for the unillc'ati(m of Italy, the Pomagna, the Jlarelies, and timbria were annexed to the dominions of Victor Emnumuel, but Pius ])erBistently refused to cede any portion or to enter into any compromise. His ecclesiastical administration continued very active, and iiroceeded upon the strongest assump- tion of the right of independent action on the part of the Cluireh. He reestablished the hierarchy in Kiigland, sanctioned the establish- ment in Ireland (}f a Catholic university, and condemned the princi])Ies upon which tin? Queen's colleges in that country were con.stituted. He comduded with Austria a concordat much more favorable to Church authority than the existing ecclesiastical laws had permitted. (See CoN- coRD.T.) In 18.54 he issued a decree propound- ing as a doctrine of the Church the dogma of the Inunaculate Conception (q.v.) of the blessed PIUS IV. Virgin Mary. The most im|)ortant event of his pontificate was the convocation of the Vatican Council (q.v.), at which bishops from all parts of the Catholic world assemlilcd, in December, 1809. This was the first Church council since that of Trent had crystallized Roman Catholic dogma and practice to meet the Reformation attack. It was ailjourncd in .luly, 1870, after it had ]iroclaimed the decree of the infal- libility (q.v.) of the Pope when on a subject of faith or morals he issues a decree ex cathedra to the universal Church. Soon after the adjourn- ment, the Italian army occupied Rome, which was made the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Pius renewed with all solemnity his oft-repeated protest, and, refusing all proposals of accom- modation, from that date declared himself a captive in the Vatican, to which he strictly con- fined himself until his death, February 7, 1878. Consult: Pougeois, llisloiif <le I'ic IX. (Paris. 1877-80) ; and Lives by JIaguire (London, 1878) and Shea (New York, 1878). Pius X., Pope 190.3—, Giuseppe Sarto. He was born at Riese, near Venice, -Tune 2, 18.35, in a humble station, his grandfather having leen a soldier in the Papal army under Gregory XVI. His whole life, until his elevation to the Papacy, was passed in Northern Italy. He studied at Treviso and at Padua, and was ordained priest in 1858. His faithful performance of his parochial duties won the favor of his superiors and caused his appointment as clianeellor of the diocese in 1875 and vicar-capitular two years later. In 1884 Pope Leo XIII. named him Bishop of Man- tua, and in 189,3 created him cardinal and Pa- triarch of Venice. His appointment to the patriarchate gave rise to an animated dispute with the Italian Government, which claimed the right, as the successor of the Republic of Venice, to nominate the Patriarch. This claim was denied by the Holy See, and jMonsignor Sarto's personal qualities finally gained the approval of the Government. In the ailmiuistration of his" important diocese he proved himself a strong and competent prelate, reforming a number of abuses which had crept in in the course of time. He won the veneration of all his people, especially by his devotion to the poor and the modesty and sim- plicity of his life. He was elected Po])c on August 4, 190.3, after six fruitless ballots had been taken, by fifty-five out of sixty-one votes, hi.s two leading com|!etitors having been Cardinals Rampolla (cpv.) and Gotti (q.v.). He entered upon his pontificate with the reputation, not only of a deeply religious man and a wise administra- tor, but of a learned scholar and friend of the arts. It was through him that Don Luigi Pcrosi, the priest composer, was first brought to public attention. The fact of his assuming the name of Pius was taken as an indication that he in- tended to maintain the generally conservative policy of Pius IX., and to continue the protx^st of his two predecessors against the occupation of the Papal States by the Italian Government, despite the fact that his personal relations with the House of Savoy had been uniformly friendly. PIUS IV., Creed op. The dogmatic formula drawn up by a commission of members of the Council of Trent as a summary of its decisions, and promulgated by Pope Pin's IV. at the end of 1504 in the bull In sncyo.^in}rta. Its formal acceptance is required of all priests and teachers