Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 16.djvu/103

* PITTTITABY BODY. 7; a posterior lobe. This stalk arises as an evagina- tion of the lloor of the 'twixt-ljrain and is called the infundihulum. Its distal portion subsequent- ly develops into the posterior lobe. In the lower vertebrates the stalk and posterior lobe are clear- Iv made up of nervous tissue, but in the higher animals the posterior lobe contains very little nervous sub.stance. The anterior lobe arises as an evagination or outgrowth of the upper sur- face of the mouth, and only secondarily conies into connection with the otlier parts. It has a very characteristic structure, contains no ner- ^ous elements, and resembles very closely a duct- less gland. In no living vertebrate does the hypophysis have any known function, and even if it be granted that it is homologous with the subneural gland of tunicates, its actual use to the animal., either past or present, would still he an open question. Xumerous theories have been proposed to account for its structure and function, but none liave met with very general acceptance. The most recent (1003) is that the pituitary body is in intimate nervous connection with the suprarenal capsules, and through them regulates the amount of oxygen absorbed by the blood. But this view is not adequately sup- ported by clinical or experimental evidence. PIT VIPEB. See Crotalid.e. PIT'YRI'ASIS (Xeo-Lat., from Gk.7riTKpta.n5, pityriasis, from iriTupov, pili/roii, bran). An ex- foliation of the skin in bran-like scales, regarded by some dermatologists as a condition occurring in several skin disorders, by others as a separate disca.se. Excessive formation of dandruff {fur- fiiracen) is called pityriasis simplex or pityri- asis capitis, or pityriasis of the scalp, by some. The popular skin affection known as pit_yriasis embraces four varieties: (1) Pityriasis ruhra is characterized by a gradual dissemination of papules over the trunk and upper extremities, especially upon the dorsal aspect of forearms and phalanges. The papules are bright red and slightly lirownish, and are succeeded by large red spots or ])laques. Changes occur in the surface of the skin incident to the scratching which the itcliing necessitates. (2) Pityriasis rosea is similar to pityriasis ruhra. with perhaps greater infiltration of the skin, although the erythema is less. A macular form is also described. (3) Pityriasis nigra has been observed in children born in India and brought to England. The eruptive papules are black. (4) Pityriasis ver- sicolor, or tinea versicolor (q.v.), is character- ized by the occurrence of brown or dark yellowish patches over the trunk, and is confined to the body, where it is covered by clothing. It is due to a parasite, the ilicrosporon furfurans. Pityriasis infantitis and pityriases senilis are forms of eczema (q.v.). Pityriasis tabescen- tiinn is seborrha?a (q.v.). The treatment of these diseases must be left to a physician. Con- sult Kaposi, Patholoyy and Treatment of Dis- eases of the Skin (New York, 1895). PIT'Ytr'S.ffi. The southwestern group of the Balearic Islands, consisting of the islands of Iviza and Formentera (qq.v. ) and a number of small, iminhabited islets. PI-TZU WO, pe'tsi5o wo'. A small seaport on the cast coast of the peninsular portion of Liao-tuntr (q.v.). It lies north of Ta-lien-wan, in latitude 39° 18' N., and longitude 122° 18' E., Vol. XVI.— 6. PITTS. has many large warehouses and considerable trade, and is included in tlie territory leased by Russia along with Port Arthur (q.v.). The har- bor is well sheltered by a semicircular reef, but is shallow. PITJRA, pe-oo'ra. The northernmost depart- ment of Peru, bounded by Ecuador on the north, the Peruvian Department of Amazonas on the east, Cajamarca and Lambayeque on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west (Map: Peru. A 5). The area is estimated at Ifi,82.5 square miles. The eastern part is mountainous, with fertile valleys; the western is mostly desert land. Cotton is groTi to some extent and some minerals are found, of which the petroleum deposits are exploited. The population was offi- cially estimated in 1896 at 213,900. The capital is Piura (q.v.). PITIBA. The capital of the Department of Piura, Peru. It is situated 20 miles from the coast and 80 miles southeast of Cape Blanco (Map: Peru, A 4). It is a well-built town with a beautiful garden-plaza containing a marble statue of Liberty. It is an important cotton market, and is connected by a railroad with the port of Payta (q.v.). Population, aboiit 12.000. Piura was the first permanent settlement made by Pizarro. PI'XJS. The name of ten popes. Piu.s I., Saint, Pope 140-154. Little is known of his pontificate; perhaps the most authentic record of it is that contained in the iluratorian Frag- ment, which assigns the writing of the Shepherd by Hernias, his brother, to his pontificate. See Herm.s, Shepherd of. — Pus II., better known generally as .Eneas Sylvius. Pope 1458-G4. He came of the noble family of Piccolomini in Siena, and was born in 140.5 in the village of Corsignano, afterwards called Pienza from his Papal title. His early life was not free from serious irregularities, but he made amends by his subsequent decorous conduct : and his emi- nent abilities as a canonist led to his being employed, when but twenty-six years of age. as secretary to the Cardinal-Bishop of Fermo, an appointment which, though it lasted but a short time, led to further employment and brought him commissions of the highest importance in connection with the Council of Basel (q.v.l. On the election of the antipope Felix V. (Duke Ama- deus VIII. of Savoy), in 1439, he was chosen one of the deputation to notify him of his election, and became his secretary, in which post his emi- nent literary abilities were conspicuously useful. Having been sent as ambassador to the Emperor Frederick III., he was induced to accept office in the Imperial Chancery. This opened the way for further steps in the diplomatic career of which his prudence took advantage. On a mission to Rome in 1445 he declared himself decidedly for Engenius IV. and attached himself to his inter- ests. Having at last decided to take holy orders in that year, he was made Bishop of Triest in 1447 and of Siena in 1449. remaining, however, in the Imperial service until 1455. A year later he was made a cardinal by Calixtus III. On the death of this pontiff, in 1458, after a conclave lasting only three days. .Eneas Sylvius was elect- ed his successor. .s Pope he devoted himself to rousing Christendom to a war against the Tiirks. He called a congress of princes to meet at JIantua in 1459, and appeared in person to preside oyer