Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/918

ONION INSECTS. and upon grass, wheat, oats, and rye. It thrives best in hot, dry weather, and the best remedy is a free use of standard kerosene emulsion diluted ten times.

Several species of cutworms attack onions, but Agrotis messoria has been specifically injurious in some of the large fields in the Northeastern States. The remedy here, as for other cutworms, consists in trapping the over-wintering larvae early in the spring before vegetable gardens are set out, by distributing about the field bunches of grass or other early vegetation poisoned with Paris green or arsenic. Consult Smith, Economic Entomology (Philadelphia, 1896).

ON'KELOS. The supposed author of an Ar- amaic version of the Pentateuch. Onkelos is evidently, however, the Aramaic equivalent of Aquilas (or Aquila, q.v.), the Greek translator of the Pentateuch, and the term Targum Onkelos indicates merely that the translation is done in the style of Aquilas. The translation is written in Judaean Aramaic, though edited in Babylonia probably not before c.400 a.d. ( See Bible. ) The method of Onkelos is in sharp contrast to that o€ the other Targums. It seeks to translate literally, keeping very close to the Hebrew text. One of its distinguishing features is the attempt to soften the anthropomorphic expressions of the Pentateuch — 'The Word of the Lord,' 'The Presence of the Lord,' or 'Glory of the Lord' be- ing used instead of the name of the divinity. In some places, moreover, particularly in the poetic portions (Gen. xlix.), Onkelos indulges in mid- rash ic exegesis and weaves in some naggadistic turns. By Rabbinical prescription the Targum was to be read along with the Hebrew text — 'twice Hebrew and once Targum.' For editions and translations, see Targum.

ON'OMAC'RITITS (Lat., from Gk. 'OpofidKpi- TOj, Onomakritos). A celebrated poet of the sixth century B.C., resident at Athens in the time of the Pisistratidse. According to Tzetzes he was one of the four employed by Pisistratus to set in order the Iliad and the Odyssey, parts of which had become disarranged, owing to the failure of the rhapsodists to recite the lays in due order. He is said to have written theogonies himself, and to have attached the names of Orpheus and Musaeus to compositions of his own. The extant Orphic hymns are, however, of much later origin. He was detected by Hip- parchus in the forgery of oracles and exiled from Athens. After the expulsion of Hippias, however, he was on friendly terms with the tyrant, and in his interest urged Darius by pretended oracles to invade Greece. Consult Ritschl, Onomakritos von Athen, Opusc. 1, 238ff. (Leipzig, 1866).

ONOMANCY. See Superstition.

ON'OMAT'OPCE'IA (Lat., from Gk. dvofiaro- Toto). A term used in philology to denote the formation of words in imitation of natural sounds, as cuckoo; cock; clash; rap: whizz; clang. The theory, termed by Max Miiller the 'bow-AVow' theory, of the onomatopoetic origin of all language, probably recognizes only one of the elements entering into the origin of human speech.

ONOMICHX, o'nft-me'che. A seaport in the Prefecture of Hiroshima, Japan, situated on the southern coast of Hondo, 52 miles east of Hiro- shima (Map: Japan, 6). It is a prosperous

town with narrow streets and a number of in- teresting temples. Population, in 1898, 22,312.

ONONDAGA, 6non-d{/ga ([people] of the hill). An important tribe of the Iroquois con- federacy (q.v.), and the official guardians of the council fire of the league. Their chief residence was about the lake and creek of the same name, in central New York, with jurisdiction extend- ing northward to Lake Ontario and southward to the Susquehanna. Their principal village, which was also the capital of the confederacy, was called Onondaga or Onondaga Castle, and was near the present town of that name, a few miles south of Onondaga Lake. In 1677 it contained 140 houses. The Onondaga were estimated by the Jesuits in 1660 at about 1500 and by Greenhalgh in 1677 at 1750. The interior position of the Onondaga rendered them less prominent than the Mohawk and the Seneca, the two frontier tribes of the confederacy, and they seem also to have been of less warlike disposition. Many of them came early under the influence of the French missionaries, and before 1751 it was said that one-half of the tribe had abandoned the league and removed to the Catholic Iroquois colonies in Canada. Those who remained with the confederacy shared its fortunes in the colo- nial wars and the Revolution. Nearly one-half followed Brant to Canada and were afterwards settled on the reservation on Grand River, On- tario, where they now reside. The rest, num- bering now about 560, are still upon the Onon- daga and other Iroquois reservations in New York, making an estimated total on both sides of perhaps 1000.

ONONDAGA PERIOD, or Onondaga Salt Group. The middle division of the Silurian era. It consists of a great series of shale beds, con- taining beds of salt, in Ohio and western New York, and also beds of water lime. The forma- tion is found from the Hudson Valley, New York, westward into Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and southward into Pennsylvania. Its thickness varies from 100 feet in eastern New York to 1600 feet in Pennsylvania. See Silurian Sys- tem.

ONS'LOW, George (1784-1853). A French composer, born in Clermont-Ferrand, France, the grandson of the first Lord Onslow. In London he studied under Hiillmandel, Dussek, and Cra- mer, and opera composition under Reicha at Paris. His operas L'Acalde de la Vega (1824), Le colporteur (1827), and Le Due de Guise met with some success, but he acquired more popularity by his delightful chamber music. He wrote sonatas, symphonies, concertos, and string quartets, which latter are still performed. In 1824 the French Acad6mie elected him to succeed Cherubini.

ONTA'RIO (formerly Upper Canada, or Can- ada West). A province of the Dominion of Canada, lying between latitudes 42° and 52° N. and longitudes 74° and 95° W. The boun- daries are very irregular, being determined main- ly by natural limits. On the north the province touches James Bay and is separated from Kee- watin by the English and Albany rivers, and from Quebec by the Ottawa. On the south it is separated from the United States by the Saint Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and the Rainy River; on the east an arbitrary line divides it from Quebec, and its western extremity touches