Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/794

PHILADELPHIA.  History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884 (ib., 1884); Allinson and Penrose, Philadelphia, 1681-1887 (ib., 1887); Trades League, The Book of Philadelphia, 1894 (ib., 1894); Repplier, Philadelphia, the Place and the People (New York, 1895); Young, Memorial History (ib., 1895); Fisher, The Making of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1896); id., Chapters in Pennsylvania, Colony and Commonwealth (ib., 1897); Rhoades, The Story of Philadelphia (New York, 1900); King, Philadelphia and Notable Philadelphians (ib., 1902).  PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. An association founded in 1812 for the purpose of furthering the study of the natural sciences and encouraging original investigation in the various fields of physical research. It is the oldest organization in the United States devoted to the encouragement of natural science. Its museum is especially rich in ornithological specimens and fossils, while its collection of shells is the finest in the world. The Jessup foundation provides gratuitous training for a number of young investigators. The society has published a Journal since 1817 and its Proceedings since 1841.  PHILADELPH′US (Neo-Lat., from Gk., philadelphon, sort of flowering shrub, perhaps jasmine; named in honor of Ptolemy Philadelphus, King of Egypt). A genus of shrubs of the natural order Saxifragaceæ. Several species are natives of the southern Atlantic and Pacific States and Japan. Philadelphus inodorus grows in the mountains from Virginia southward. Philadelphus grandiflorus grows in lower ground in the same region. Philadelphus hirsutus grows in Tennessee and North Carolina. Philadelphus Gordonianus and Philadelphus Lewisii are natives of the Pacific Coast States. The most common and best representative of the genus, however, is Philadelphus coronarius, the common mock orange or syringa, much cultivated in gardens. Its native country is not known, but it was probably brought from Japan to Southern Europe, where it appears to be indigenous. It has erect branches, oblong ovate leaves, which when crushed have very much the odor and taste of cucumbers. Its cream-colored flowers, borne in large clusters, are well known for their exceeding fragrance.  PHI′LÆ (Lat., from Gk., Coptic Pilákĕh, the corner, extremity, i.e. of Egypt). A celebrated island in the Nile, just above the First Cataract, in latitude 24° 1′ N. It is a small granite rock, about 1000 feet long by 500 feet broad, and is covered with ancient buildings of great architectural beauty and interest. By the Arabs it is called Gezîret Anas el-Wogûd. '‘The island of Anas el-Wogûd,’ from the name of the hero of a tale in the Thousand and One Nights, the scene of which is laid here. Philæ is not mentioned in the Egyptian inscriptions before the time of Nectanebo II., who constructed the oldest of the buildings that now remain, though it is reasonably certain that a temple existed there in earlier times. The island was especially devoted to the worship of the goddess Isis, but Osiris, Hathor, Khnum, Satet, and other divinities were also worshiped there. In later times, when the cult of Isis had spread through the Greek and Roman world, many pilgrims of foreign nationality visited the shrine of the goddess at Philæ, and her worship was maintained there long after heathenism had been banished from other parts of Egypt. The great temple of Isis was built by Ptolemy Philadelphus and his successor, Euergetes I., but additions and embellishments were made by other Ptolemies and by several of the Roman emperors. The approach to the temple is formed by the dromos, a long open space, flanked on its eastern and western sides by colonnaded walks. At the southern end is the hall of Nectanebo II., built about 350, and near it to the right is the ruined temple of the Nubian deity Arnuphis (Ar-hes-nofer). Starting from this temple, the eastern colonnade runs northward to the small temple of Imhotep (Asklepios), and terminates near a gate built by Ptolemy Philadelphus and adorned with reliefs by that monarch and by the Emperor Tiberius. The western colonnade is pierced by a number of windows which give a fine view over the river. It runs along a fine stone quay of ancient construction. At the northern end of the dromos stands the great pylon of Nectanebo II., leading into the outer court, on the eastern side of which are a number of chambers, built for the use of the priests, while on the western side is the birth-house, commemorating the birth of Horus. Among the reliefs and inscriptions upon the walls of the latter building is a copy in hieroglyphic and demotic of the text of the (q.v.). At the upper end of the outer court is a second pylon, which gives entrance to the inner court leading to a columned hall, and from this, through a succession of smaller halls and chambers, lies the way to the sanctuary of the goddess Isis and her son (q.v.), In an upper story is a room decorated with scenes from the myth of (q.v.). The temple is decorated throughout with sculptures and reliefs which are well preserved and are richly colored. West of the temple of Isis, near the river, are a gate built by the Emperor Hadrian and the temple of Harendotes (Egyptian Har-nez-yotf, ‘Horus the avenger of his father’). On the eastern side of the island is the small temple of Hathor built by Ptolemy Philometor and Euergetes II., and near it, close to the river bank, is a beautiful pavilion resting upon light and graceful columns and richly adorned with reliefs. On the northern end of the island, among the ruins of the ancient city of Philæ, are the remains of the old Roman city gate, of the temple of Augustus, and of a Coptic church. It was expected (1903) that the great dam at Assuan would so raise the level of the Nile at Philæ as to submerge the island. Consult: Description de l'Egypte (Paris, 1820-30); Lepsius, Reiseberichte aus Aegypten (Leipzig, 1855); Edwards, A Thousand Miles Up the Nile (London, 1877); Dümichen, Geschichte des alten Aegyptens (Berlin, 1878); Mariette, Monuments of Upper Egypt (London, 1877); id., Voyage dans la Haute-Egypte (Paris, 1893); Baedeker, Aegypten (4th ed., Leipzig, 1897). See Plate accompanying article.  PHILANDER. A Dutch knight in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, who made love to Gabrina, the wife of his host. His name is used as the synonym of a male coquette in various plays, and is the origin of the verb to philander.  PHILANTHROPY (Lat. philanthropia, from Gk., love of humanity, from 