Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/783

PHIGALIAN MARBLES. others. In 1811 and 1812 it was carefully examined by a body of English and German artists and scholars, the results of whose investigations are given in Stackelberg, Der Apollo Tempel zu Bassa in Arkadien (Rome, 1826), and Cockerell, The Tempels of Jupiter Panhellenius at Ægina and Apollo Epicurius at Bassæ, Near Phigaleia, in Arcadia (London, 1860). The temple is of a hard yellowish brown limestone and is a Doric hexastyle peripteros with fifteen columns on the sides, about 125 feet long and 46 feet wide. Owing to the nature of the ground, it stands north and south, but there is a small side door in the east wall of the cella, opposite the cult statue. Of the 38 columns, 35 are still standing and support much of the architrave, though the pediments and ceiling have fallen. The fallen members lie about the ruin, which seems to have been largely caused by Christian iconoclasm and greed for the metal clamps by which the stones were held. The partial restoration from the existing remains is planned (1903) by the Greek Archæological Society. The sculptures show great skill and boldness in design, but the execution is by no means so praiseworthy, as the proportions are often bad and the faces dull. As the temple was the work of Ictinus, the architect of the Parthenon, it is very probable that the sculptures were designed by an Athenian artist, but the carving is probably the work of less experienced Arcadian sculptors. The fragmentary sculptures on the metopes of the pronaos and opisthodomos are of rather better workmanship. In addition to the general works cited under , by Collignon, Overbeck, Mitchell, and Murray, consult the article “Phigaleia” in Baumeister, Denkmäler des klassischen Altertüms (Munich, 1889); and Smith, Catalogue of the Sculptures in the British Museum (London, 1892).  PHI′LA. Daughter of Antipater, regent of Macedonia. She was celebrated as one of the noblest women of her time. In 322 she was married to Craterus. He died in about a year, and Phila was then married to the son of Antigonus, Demetrius, whose varying fortunes she shared. When Demetrius was banished from Macedonia in 287, Phila killed herself at Cassandrea. She left two children by Demetrius, Antigonus and Stratonice. The son, surnamed Gonatas, became King of Macedonia; Stratonice became the wife of Scleucus and subsequently of his son Antiochus.  PHILADEL′PHIA (Lat., from Gk., Philadelpheia, named in honor of Attalus Philadelphus). A city of Asia Minor, now called Alashehr (the ‘reddish city,’ from the color of the hillsides in the rear), situated in the valley which runs inward from the Gulf of Smyrna, about 75 miles east by south of Smyrna (Map:, C 3). The city was founded in the second century It lay on the trade routes from the interior to the coast and assumed a position of commercial importance. Its name was changed at different times, as shown by the coins of Roman emperors, and it was a point of considerable importance in the political affairs of the Province of Asia. Philadelphia was the head of a district in which Christian churches were established very early, since messages were sent to it in the Book of Revelation (iii. 7-13). Little is known concerning the number or size of these churches. Philadelphia bore a conspicuous part in later history, figuring as a bulwark against the Turks. See.  PHILADELPHIA. The chief city of Pennsylvania, and the third city in population and importance of the United States, co-extensive with Philadelphia County, having an area of 129.5 square miles. It is situated in the southeastern corner of the State, at the confluence of the Schuylkill with the Delaware, about 50 miles from the mouth of the Delaware and 100 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, in latitude 39° 57′ N. and longitude 75° 9′ W. It is distant from New York by rail 90 miles, from Washington 132, and from Chicago 822.

The climate of Philadelphia is considerably milder in winter and warmer in summer than that of the central and western cities of the State. The mean temperature for January is 32.3°, and for July 76.2°. The heat during July and August is often very intense, the temperature rising sometimes above 100°. The average annual rainfall in the city is about 44 inches, slightly heavier than that of New York.

. William Penn founded the city on the narrow neck of land, some two miles wide, lying between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. Disregarding his plan for a simultaneous growth of the city backward from each river, the early settlers preferred to remain near the Delaware, along which occurred the first north and south expansion of the city. It was not until the beginning of the nineteenth century that the westward growth of the city reached Broad Street, the half-way line to the Schuylkill. From this time on the city has grown more rapidly, extending southward to the junction of the two rivers, westward far beyond the Schuylkill to Cobb's Creek, and northward in two main branches, the easternmost following the Delaware to Poquessing Creek, eighteen miles from the southern limit, and the westerly through the suburban region stretching ten miles along the Wissahickon—a tributary of the Schuylkill. In the western and northern sections of the city large areas of open country still exist. From the dike-protected lowlands of the south, five feet below the average high tide, the city rises gradually to heights of 443 feet in the hilly regions of the northwest. The general plan of the streets is determined by the east and west direction of Market Street, the main business thoroughfare, 100 feet wide, which runs directly west from the Delaware, a distance of six miles, separating the city in respect of street numbering into north and south divisions; and by Broad Street, 113 feet wide and 12 miles long, which at City Hall Square intersects Market at right angles. The main portion of the city is laid out with great regularity, the numbered streets running parallel with Broad, and the named streets with Market. The regularity of the general plan is broken, however, in the portion east of the Schuylkill, by Ridge and Germantown avenues, which intersect diagonally the streets north of Market, and by Passyunk and Moyamensing avenues, south of Market Street; in West Philadelphia, Lancaster Avenue, north, and Woodland Avenue, south of Market Street, act in a similar manner, though in this and in other outlying sections there is, in general, less attempt to follow strictly the regularity of the older portions of the city. There are more than 1560 miles of streets, of which