Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/756

PETROLEUM.  table, which gives the annual production at intervals from 1859 to 1900:

The production of crude petroleum in the United States in 1901 amounted to 69,389,194 barrels, valued at $66,417,335. Of this quantity, 48.45 per cent. came from the Appalachian field, 31.61 per cent. from the Lima-Indiana area, and 19.94 from the other areas combined. The number of gallons of petroleum and its derivatives exported in 1901 was 1,062,750,306, valued at $71,479,124. This went to all parts of the world, but chiefly to Europe. In this same year the quantity of manufactured petroleum exported by Russia was 36.8 per cent. of that exported by the United States. New York is the leading port of exportation, with Philadelphia second. So large has the export trade become that some countries have a large fleet of specially constructed tank steamers engaged in the oil-carrying trade. Up to 1899 the total tonnage of these was nearly 400,000 tons. The world's production of petroleum in 1901 was as follows:

See ; ;.

. . Thomson and Redwood, Handbook of Petroleum (London, 1901); Redwood, A Treatise on Petroleum (ib., 1901); “Petroleum,” in The Mineral Industry, vol. ii. (New York, 1893); Sadtler, “The Technical Utilization of Petroleum and Its Products,” in The Mineral Industry, vol. iv. (ib., 1895); Folger, “Petroleum: Its Production and Products,” in Annual Report of Secretary of Internal Affairs, Pennsylvania, pt. III. (Harrisburg, 1892); Series of Papers by Sadtler, Peckham, Day, Phillips, and Mabery on the “Origin and Chemical Composition of Petroleum,” in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. xxxvi. (Philadelphia, 1899); Peckham, “Petroleum,” Report of Tenth Census (Washington, 1881).

. Orton, “The Origin and Accumulation of Petroleum and Natural Gas,” in Ohio Geological Survey, vol. vi. (Columbus, 1888); Orton, “Geological Probabilities as to Petroleum,” in Bulletin of the Geographical Society of America, vol. ix. (Rochester, 1898).

. Van Ingen, “Petroleum in New York” Bulletin of New York State Museum, vol. iii., No. 15 (Albany, 1896); Orton, “Petroleum and Natural Gas in New York,” Bulletin of New York State Museum, vol. vi. (ib., 1899); Bishop, “Oil and Gas in Southwestern New York,” New York State Museum, 53d Annual

Report, vol. i. (ib., 1901); Phillips and Carll, “On the Oil and Gas Region of Pennsylvania,” in Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Annual Report for 1886 (Harrisburg, 1887). Consult also many other articles in other volumes of the Second Geological Survey, notably reports iii., xiv. and xv.; White, “Oil in West Virginia,” West Virginia Geological Survey, vol. i. (Morgantown, 1899); White, “The Mannington Oil Field and the History of Its Development,” Bulletin of Geographical Society of America, vol. iii. (Rochester, 1892); Orton, “Petroleum and Natural Gas,” in Kentucky Geological Survey, report for 1894 (Frankfort, 1895); Orton, “The Trenton Limestone as a Source of Petroleum and Inflammable Gas in Ohio and Indiana,” Eighth Annual Report U. S. Geological Survey, pt. ii. (Washington, 1889); various articles by Blatchley on Petroleum in Indiana in the Annual Reports of the Department of Geology and Natural History (Indianapolis), and also the Reports of the Oil Inspectors in the same volumes; Phillips, “Texas Petroleum,” in Texas University Mineral Survey, Bulletin No. 1 (Austin, 1900); “The New Oil Gusher at Jennings, Louisiana,” in Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. lxxiv. (New York, 1902); Adams, “The Oil and Gas Fields of the Western Interior and Northern Texas Coal Measures and of the Upper Cretaceous and Territory of the Western Gulf Coast,” Bulletin of United States Geological Survey, No. 184 (Washington, 1901); Haworth, “Oil and Gas in Kansas,” Kansas Geological Survey, vol. i. (Topeka, 1896); Eldridge, “The Florence (Colo.) Oil Field,” Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, vol. xx. (New York, 1891); Knight and Slosson, “The Dutton, Rattlesnake, Arago, Oil Mountain, and Powder River Oil Fields,” Wyoming University School of Mines Bulletin No. 4, Petroleum Series (Laramie, 1901); Knight, “Oil in Wyoming,” University of Wyoming, School of Mines Bulletin, No. 2 (Laramie, 1897); Watts, “Petroleum in California,” Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, vol. xxix. (New York, 1900); Watts, “Oil and Gas Yielding Formations in California,” Bulletin of the California State Mining Bureau, No. 19 (San Francisco, 1900).

. Vaughan, “Bitumen in Cuba,” Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. lxxiii. (New York, 1902); Tanasescu, “Petroleum in Roumania,” Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, pt. 1 (London, 1901); Spurr, “Mineral Resources of Turkey, Pt. ii., Oil and Gas,” Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. lxxiv. (New York, 1902). For Russian petroleum, consult Mineral Resources, United States Geological Survey, 1900 (Washington, 1901). For information regarding foreign occurrences and industry, see also the volumes on Mineral Resources, published annually by the United States Geological Survey, and also The Mineral Industry (New York), published annually by the Engineering and Mining Journal.  PETROL′OGY (from Gk., petra, rock + , -logia, account, from , legein, to say). , (obsolescent). The science which treats of the materials of the stony portion of the earth (the lithosphere). and of meteoritic bodies. Petrography is the purely descriptive division of the science, but in general usage it has the same scope as petrology. Petrology, or petrography, is one of the geological