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PERIODICAL. time a phenomenally long life for an American magazine; and The Anthology and Boston Review (Boston, 1803-11), which included Ticknor, John Quincy Adams, and Everett among its contributors. From this time on the number of literary periodicals—to say nothing of religious and other special publications—increased rapidly, with a corresponding improvement in quality. The following are perhaps the most noteworthy: The Analectic Magazine (Philadelphia, 1813-20), founded by Moses Thomas, with Irving (its editor, 1813-14), Paulding, and Wilson the ornithologist among its contributors; The Atlantic Magazine (New York, 1824-25; continued until 1827 as The New York Monthly Review), which was edited by Robert C. Sands and had the support of Bryant; The New York Mirror (1823-42), of which N. P. Willis was one of the editors; The Illinois Monthly Magazine (Vandalia, 1830-32), the first publication of the kind in the West; The American Monthly Magazine (New York, 1833-38), edited 1837-38 by Park Benjamin; Graham's Magazine (1840-50), a widely and deservedly popular periodical; The Dial (Boston, 1840-44), the organ of the New England Transcendentalists, edited by Ripley and Margaret Fuller, and then by Emerson; The International Magazine (New York, 1850-52), edited by R. W. Griswold; The Knickerbocker Magazine (New York, 1833-60), founded by the novelist Charles Fenno Hoffman, and edited for some time by Louis Gaylord Clark; Putnam's Monthly Magazine (New York, 1853-57, and 1867-69); The Atlantic Monthly (Boston, 1857—), perhaps the foremost of American periodicals from a literary point of view, having as editors Lowell, Fields, Howells, Aldrich, Scudder, Page, and Perry, and among its contributors Holmes, Longfellow, Whittier, and most of the notable American men of letters; Harper's New Monthly Magazine (New York, 1850), an illustrated monthly of high standing and wide popularity; Scribner's Monthly (New York), an illustrated monthly founded in 1870 by Dr. J. G. Holland (as editor), Roswell Smith, and Charles Scribner, and from 1881 published with Richard Watson Gilder as editor, as The Century Magazine; The Galaxy, incorporated with the Atlantic Monthly in 1878 (New York, 1866—); Lippincott's Magazine (Philadelphia, 1868—); Scribner's Magazine (New York, 1887—), an illustrated monthly; The New England Magazine, illustrated (1889—); The Cosmopolitan, illustrated (New York, 1886—); and McClure's Magazine, illustrated (New York, 1893—). In the periodicals just mentioned, beginning with The Atlantic, the popular literary magazine has reached its highest point of development, not only in the United States, but in the world. Especially important has been the impetus given to developing the art of illustration, and the support given to the obsolescent art of wood-engraving by The Century and Harper's; it may almost be said that the art was revived by these periodicals.

Of American reviews less need be said. Although some of these are excellent, they do not, as a whole, compare favorably with those that have been published in England and on the Continent. Their history begins with The American Review of History and Politics (Philadelphia, 1811-13), a quarterly founded by Robert Walsh. This was soon followed by The North American Review

(Boston, 1815), which has continued until the present day; among its editors have been many eminent men—A. P. Peabody, H. Adams, Dana, Edward Everett, Sparks, Bowen, Lowell, and Norton. Among later publications of the kind—overlooking those that were merely ephemeral—are: The Southern Quarterly Review, first published 1828-32 (Charleston, revived 1842-55); The United States Magazine and Democratic Review (New York, 1837-52), later The United States Review (1853-55); The New Englander (New Haven, 1843-92); The International Review (New York, 1874-83); The Forum (1886—); The Arena (1890).

In France the periodicals originating in the eighteenth century begin with Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des Sciences et des Arts (1701-67), founded by the Jesuits Michel le Tellier and Philippe Lalleman at Trévoux (whence it is known as the Journal de Trévoux); it gained a high and well-deserved reputation as a critical authority. In 1703 Jean Leclerc began, in continuation of his Bibliothèque Universelle et historique (see above), a review entitled Bibliothèque choisie, which was issued until 1713 and was followed by his Bibliothèque ancienne et moderne (1714-27). These, as well as various other periodicals edited by Frenchmen in this period, were printed in Holland. Among them are to be noted reviews of particular foreign literatures, as the Bibliothèque anglaise (1717-19), and the Mémoires littéraires de la Grande Bretagne (1720-24) of Michel de la Roche (see above), and the Bibliothèque germanique (1720-40) of Jacques Lenfaut. About this time the English periodical essay found imitators in France; Marivaux published in 1722 the Spectateur français, which was followed by a number of other publications of a similar character. Other literary journals were the Mémoires secrets de la république des lettres (1744-48); the Observations sur les écrits modernes (1735-43) of Desfontaines; the Lettres sur quelques écrits de ce temps (1749-54) and L'année littéraire (1754-90) of Fréron; and the Observations sur la littérature moderne (1749-52) and L'observateur littéraire (1758-61) of the Abbé de la Porte. In 1754 a review, the Journal étranger, designed to deal with foreign literature in general, was founded by Fréron, Grimm, Prévost, and others; it ceased to appear in 1762. This was followed by the Gazette littéraire (1764-66), in the editing of which Voltaire and Diderot had a hand. The Mémoires secrets pour servir à l'histoire de la république des lettres (1762-87), also called Mémoires de Bachaumont, from its founder, are an important record of contemporary social and literary conditions; the same is true of the Correspondance littéraire secrète (1774-93). Of a more general character were the magazines Décade philosophique—later the Revue philosophique—(1795-1807), of P. L. Ginguené, the most important French periodical of its time, and the Magasin encyclopédique, founded in 1792 and continued from 1817 as the Annales encyclopédiques and the Revue encyclopédique, until 1832. During the second half of this century appeared a number of periodicals dealing with special subjects, such as agriculture, commerce, political economy, military and naval affairs, and so on. In the early part of the nineteenth century, under both the Empire and the Restoration, the periodical as well as the newspaper press was