Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/661

PERIODICAL. Empson (—1852), George Cornewall Lewis (—1855), Henry Reeve (—1895), and Arthur S. Elliot (1895—). In 1902 the Review celebrated its centennial.

The great success and rapidly growing influence of this champion of Whiggism caused the Tories to bestir themselves, and in February, 1809, appeared the first number of The Quarterly Review, which soon attained a position hardly second to that of its great rival. Its first editor was William Gifford, and among its first contributors were Scott, Southey, Dr. Young, Canning, John Wilson Croker, and Heber. Gifford resigned in 1824, and was succeeded by John Taylor Coleridge, who gave place in 1826 to John Gibson Lockhart, who retained the editorial control of the Review until 1853; he was followed by the Rev. Whitwell Elwin (—1860), William Macpherson (—1867), Sir William Smith (—1893), Rowland Prothero (1894-99), and George W. Prothero (1899—). The Westminster Review (styled from 1836, when it was combined with the London Review, until 1851 the London and Westminster Review) was founded in 1824 to promulgate the views of the Utilitarians, Bentham and the Mills. The great quarterlies above mentioned were partisan in their origin and in their principles of editorial management: they were designed to promulgate definite views, literary and political, with which the opinions of their contributors must be in harmony; their articles were accordingly anonymous (though the Westminster has not been consistent in the matter). This policy was abandoned by the Fortnightly Review, established in 1865 (issued monthly from 1866), which was designed to allow the freest expression of individual opinion with individual responsibility. Its first editor was George Henry Lewes, who was followed in 1867 by John Morley, who resigned in 1882. Among its early supporters were Bagehot, George Eliot, Sir John Herschel, Mill, Huxley, and Spencer. The policy of the Fortnightly in these particulars has been followed by other monthly reviews—the Contemporary Review, established in 1866, the Nineteenth Century in 1877, and the National Review in 1883.

Weekly journals dealing wholly or partly with literature, science, and art have existed by the side of the quarterlies and monthlies, among them The Examiner (1808-81), The Literary Gazette (1817-62), The Athenæum (1828—), The Spectator (1828—), The Saturday Review (1855—), The Academy (1869—), and The Speaker (1890—).

Hardly less notable than the development of the review during the nineteenth century was that of the magazine. The New Monthly Magazine (1814) numbered Campbell, Theodore Hook, and Bulwer Lytton among its editors. A brilliant production was Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine (1817—), which “created a sensation unparalleled in magazine history,” due to the wit and audacity of its anonymous contributors, among whom were Lockhart, Hogg, Scott, and John Wilson, the editor. Its most important feature, in those early days, was the famous Noctes Ambrosianæ, “in which the leading contributors discoursed with irresponsible wit and incisiveness upon the books, the people, and the events of importance in their day.” Fraser's Magazine (1830-82, when it became Longman's Magazine) is associated with the names of Carlyle and Thackeray. Others of note are The British Magazine (1832-49), The Dublin University Magazine (1833—), Tait's Edinburgh Magazine (1832-61), Bentley's Miscellany (1837-68), Notes and Queries (1849—), Macmillan's Magazine (1859—), The Cornhill Magazine (1860—), Saint James Magazine (1861—), The English Illustrated Magazine (1883—), Cassell's Magazine (1877—), Temple Bar (1860—), Review of Reviews (1890—), The Strand Magazine (1891), and The Pall Mall Magazine (1893—). These are only a selection from a long list.

The history of the periodical in the United States begins in colonial times with The American Magazine, issued at Philadelephia, February 13, 1741, by the printer Andrew Bradford, a business rival of Franklin's, and edited by John Webbe. The idea was due to Franklin, who had planned an imitation of The Gentleman's Magazine, and had incautiously divulged his scheme to Webbe. Franklin's own periodical, The General Magazine, was issued on February 16, 1741, its projector thus losing by three days the honor of having edited and published the first monthly in America. Both publications were short-lived, Webbe's perishing with its second number and Franklin's with its sixth. Throughout the entire subsequent development of periodical literature in this country the magazine has taken the first place, reviews having been comparatively few in number and decidedly inferior in quality. The magazines published down to the Revolution number sixteen. Among them were The American Magazine and Historical Chronicle (Boston, 1743-46), The Boston Weekly Magazine (1743), The Christian History (Boston, 1743-44), The Independent Reflector (New York, 1752-53), The New England Magazine of Knowledge and Pleasure (Boston, 1758), The American Magazine and Monthly Chronicle (Philadelphia, 1757-58), The New American Magazine (Woodbridge, N. J., 1758-60), The American Magazine (Philadelphia, 1769), The Royal American Magazine (Boston, 1774-75), and The Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly Museum (1775-76). Between the close of the war and the end of the century about forty others appeared, among them The Columbian Magazine, or Monthly Miscellany (Philadelphia, 1786-92; from March, 1790, entitled The Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine), The American Museum, or Repository (1787-92), of considerable value as a source of historical information; The Massachusetts Magazine (Boston, 1789-96), The New York Magazine (1790-97), The Political Censor, or Monthly Review (Philadelphia, 1796-97), edited by William Cobbett, and The Farmer's Weekly Museum (Walpole, N. H., 1790-99). The last was edited from 1795 by Joseph Dennie, the founder, in 1801, of The Port Folio. Charles Brockden Brown established in 1799, in New York, The Monthly Magazine and American Review, which, with a change of name to The American Review and Literary Journal, survived until 1802. He later edited The Literary Magazine and American Register (Philadelphia, 1803-08).

At the end of the first decade of the nineteenth century the periodicals published in the United States amounted to nearly thirty in number. Only two of them, however, were in any way notable: The Port Folio (Philadelphia) above mentioned, which survived until 1827—up to that