Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/484

PASSOVER. lite, from being indulyed in on extraordinary nreasions, became a regular custom ol)served in I he spring, the bearing time of the tloeUs, wlien It became especially important to secure the pro- irction of the deitj-. Already in the earliest of 1 iie Pentateuchal codes these two festivals, one -iirvival of the nomadic stage, are brought into ..mnection with the Kxodus from Egypt, and tombined with each otlier. The combination once made, there resulted a series of ceremonial observances which gradually assumed the elabo- rate character of the Jewish Passover festival. The sprinkling of the blood became the symbol of the protection granted the Hebrews by Yah- weh at the time that pestilence struck the Egyp- tian households. The oH'erings of the first-fruits of the field to Yahweh led to the view that first- lings of the flock and the first-born of the house- hold likewise lielonged to the deity. The sacri- ficial lamb and the unleavened bread were also brought into connection with the Exodus, the former pictured as a ceremony indulged in on the eve of the departure of the people, the latter a syanbol of the 'haste' with which the deliver- ance was brought about, so that the people did not have time to bake bread from leavened dough. In later Judaism the historical association was still further emphasized, and there grew up an elaborate service for the eve of the Passover, known as the seder, the chief features of which were the recalling of the Exodus by reciting the narrative in the houseliold, the preparation of dishes symbolizing the affliction and liardships of the people in Egypt, together with thanksgivings and songs of praise accompanied by benedictions over wine for the miraculous deliverance. For eight days unleavened cakes are eaten and no food prepared of any leaven material is to be eaten. In fact, all traces of leaven are to be removed out of the house, and in orthodox Jew- ish households separate sets of dishes are used during the eight days of the Passover. In the Christian Church the paschal lamb became pre- eminently the type of the sacrifice of Christ.
 * I. longing to the agricultural stage, the other a

Bibliography. Consult the Hebrew archae- ologies of Nowack and Benzinger, and the com- mentaries on Exodus by Dillmann, Strack, Baentsch; K. Schiifer, Das Passah-Ma~zot Fcst nacli seincm Ursprung iiiid seiner Eiilirickeliing (Gutersloh. 1900); Trumbull, The Threshold Covenant (Xew York, 1890); and for the later Jewish customs, Scliriider, Satzungen tind Oe- Irihiche dcs tahnndisch-rahbinischen. Judenthums (Bremen, 1851); Dembitz, The Jetpish Services ill Synagogue and Home (Philadelphia, 189S). PASSOW, pas'sft, Franz (1781)1833). A Gevnuiu jihilologist. He was born at I.udwigs- lust. studied at Leipzig, and was called in 1807 to the chair of Greek in the Weimar Gymnasium, and in 1815 to that of ancient literature in the University of Breslau. His princijial work is his Handiporierbuch der qrieehisehen Spraehe (1819- 24). He also published (Irundziige der griech- ischen und riimischen Litteratur- vnd Kunst- geschicMe (2d ed., 1829), and other volumes. PASSPORT (Fr. passeporl, from passer, to pass + pari, Lat. partus, port, harbor). A written instrument issued by the authority of a government for the identification and protection of its citizens when traveling abroad. It 13 first a certificate of the citizenship of the bearer, and, second, a formal permit authorizing him to leave the State of which he is a subject. The origin of the practice of granting passports grew out of the right of nations, which was formerly more frequently exercised than now, to withliuld from foreigners the right of transit through their territory. The formal permission granted to a foreigner by a government to pass through its territory was a passport. To avoid the incon- venience of this rerjuirement, the practice was adopted by which a subject of one governnieiil leaving his country for travel in another ob- tained from his government a certificate of citi- zenship which was accepted by the other govern- ment as a passport. This is presented to the foreign government as an identification of the bearer, who, instead of receiving a passport from the foreign government, is given permission to pass through by the act of an ollicer in iiuttiug a vis^ upon the certificate itself. .t present Russia, Turkey, Portugal, and Greece are the only European countries where travelers cannot travel freely without passports, though some of the German States require certification for the purpose of police protection, where parties desire to reside for a considerable period in one place. In the United States passports are issued only by the Department of State and only to citizens upon application supported by proof of citizen- ship. Xo distinction is made between native- born and naturalized citizens in the granting of passports. The fee is $1, and a passport for the head of a family includes the wife and minor children. In foreign countries they may be ob- tained by citizens of the l"iiited States only by the chief diplomatic representative or by the consul-general, or, in the absence of both of these officers, by a consul. A fee of $5 is allowed to be charged for each passport granted to a citizen of the United States abroad by a diplomatic rep- resentative. An application to a diplomatic of- ficer for a passport by a native citizen mu>-t l>e accompanied by a written declaration under oath stating the name, age, and place of birth of the applicant, supported if possible by the allidavit of a creditable person to whom the applicant is personally known. If the applicant claims to be a naturalized citizen, he must produce a copy of the decree of the court by which he was nat- uralized. In both cases an oath of allegiance is required for transmission to the Department of State. Every such passport to be valid must be renewed either at the Department of State or at a legation of the Inited States abroad at the expiration of two years frniii its date. Passport.s are not granted to alien.-, who have declared their intention to become citizens of the T'nitoJ States, although they may obtain authenticated certificates of their declaration of intention, which entitle them to a qualified protection while trav- eling abroad. Xor are they granted to natural- ized^citizcns who may be inferred from long resi- dence abroad and other circumstances to have abandoned their nationality. The chief value of a passport is that it provides the holder with authentic proof of his national character and frees him from inconveniences which be might otherwise experience while traveling in foreigri lands. If lawfully issuc.l it is prinui facie evi- dence of citizenship, and as such must I<e re- spected not only by the administrative officers, but by the courts "of the government where the holder may be sojourning; but it furnishes no