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PARLIAMENTARY LAW. stated by the chairman and is closed by the chairman rising to put the question. If the presiding officer thinks the debate has ended, he inquires if the assembly is ready for the question, and if no one claims the floor, he puts the question to a vote. The rule of the United States House of Representatives requires that those favoring the motion shall indicate their preference by saying Aye, and those opposing it say No. If when the presiding officer announces the result any member rises and expresses doubt as to the correctness of the result, or calls for a division, the presiding officer requests those who favor the motion to rise. After counting these and announcing the result, those opposed are requested to rise. These are counted and the final result is then declared. Or he may appoint tellers to make the count and report to him. Whenever there is a tie vote, the motion is lost unless the presiding officer gives his vote for the affirmative. If his vote will cause a tie, he may cast it and thus defeat the measure. Still another form of ascertaining the wish of members is the ballot. The following motions require a two-thirds vote for their adoption: Amendment or suspension of the rules, making of special orders, objections to the consideration of a question, the demand for the previous question, and the closing or limiting of debate.

The most convenient and in some respects the most authoritative manual of parliamentary law is Robert, Rules of Order (Chicago, 1883 and 1901). Consult, also, Stevens, Law of Assemblies (Minneapolis, 1901); Hackett, The Gavel and the Mace (New York, 1900); Thomas Brackett Reed, Rules of Order; Cushing, Manual of Parliamentary Practice (Boston); Rules and Practices of the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States (Washington).  PARLIAMENT OF DUNCES,. The Parliament of 1404, under Henry IV., to which, because no lawyers were admitted, the name Unlearned or Lawless (Parliamentum Indoctum) was given by Sir Edward Coke.  PARLIAMENT OF FOWLS,, or. One of Chaucer's minor poems, written in his favorite form of a vision. A student reading the “Dream of Scipio” in Cicero's Republic falls asleep, and is led by Scipio into a garden where nature assembles the birds on Saint Valentine's Day, and holds a court of love. The poem is taken partly from Boccaccio's Tescide and alludes to other Italian sources, but is based mainly on Macrobius's Commentary on Scipio's Dream, a favorite book in the Middle Ages.  PARLOA,, (1843—). An American domestic economist, born in Massachusetts. She appeared in Boston as a lecturer on cooking in 1877, was special instructor, or lecturer, at various seminaries in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and gave courses of lessons in sick-room cookery to Harvard medical students. In 1878 she visited Paris for study; in 1881 lectured in Western cities, and in 1882 opened a cooking-school in New York City. Her publications include: Miss Parloa's New Cook Book and Marketing Guide (1882); The Young Housekeeper; Home Economics; and other books of a similar nature.  PARMA,. Before 1860 a duchy in Northern Italy, lying between Sardinia, Lombardy, Modena, and Tuscany. The city of Parma was one of the colonies established along the Æmilian Road by the Romans after the conquest of Cisalpine Gaul in 222. It was included in the Ostrogothic, Lombard, and Frankish kingdoms, and ultimately in the new German Roman Empire. In the eleventh century it was an appanage of Tuscany, and as such passed to the Countess Matilda, and may have been included in her donation to the Papacy (1102). Lucchino Visconti, ruler of Milan, bought it from Obizzo d'Este about 1346. It passed, together with Milan, to the Sforza, and in 1499 was included in the conquests of Louis XII. of France. In 1511 Pope Julius II. retook it from the French. In 1515, when Francis I. reconquered the Milanese, he reannexed to it Parma and Piacenza, with the Papal consent; but in 1521 it was retaken by the Papal and Imperial troops. In 1545 Pope Paul III., one of the Roman House of Farnese, separated Parma and Piacenza from the Papal domains and erected them into duchies for his natural son, Pietro Luigi Farnese, whose son, Ottavio, married Margaret, natural daughter of the Emperor Charles V. Pietro Luigi, after two years of tyranny, was assassinated by his exasperated subjects, and Parma and Piacenza were seized for the Emperor. Thereupon Paul III. retracted his grant and resumed the Papal claim. His successor, Julius III., who owed his election to the Farnese support, restored Parma to Ottavio Farnese. The Emperor retained Piacenza, and in 1551 sought to take Parma, whereupon Ottavio sought the protection of France. Philip II., to secure his alliance against France in 1556, when Italy was menaced by a new French invasion, restored to him Piacenza, though a Spanish garrison remained there. Alessandro Farnese, son of Ottavio, entered the Spanish service and rose high in Philip's favor, and in 1585 the Spanish troops were withdrawn. Duke Ottavio was succeeded in 1586 by Alessandro, who died in the Netherlands in 1592. The latter's son, Ranuccio, succeeded to the duchies under the guaranty of Spain and the Pope. Elizabeth Farnese, Queen of Philip V. of Spain, in 1725 secured the reversion of Parma and Piacenza to her son, Don Carlos, who received them upon the death of the reigning Duke, Antonio, without issue, in 1731. Carlos exchanged them in 1735 with Austria for the Two Sicilies. In 1748 Parma and Piacenza, together with Guastalla, were handed over by Austria to the Spanish Bourbons in the persons of the Infante Don Philip, with a reversion to Austria in case of failure to him of male descendants, or in case any of his descendants should ascend the Spanish or Neapolitan throne. In 1765 Philip was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand, who expelled the Jesuits in 1768. In 1801 Bonaparte concluded the Treaty of Madrid with Spain, by the terms of which Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were to be given to France on the death of Ferdinand, in exchange for which Don Luis, the son of Ferdinand, was made King of Etruria. France came into possession by the death of Ferdinand in the following year. The Treaty of Paris (1814) gave Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla as a duchy to Maria Louisa, Napoleon's wife, and this was carried out, notwithstanding the protest of the King of Spain in behalf of the widow of the 