Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/402

PAKENT AND CHILD. not providing proper medical attendance for his cliild is criminally responsible.

At common law a parent is not liable for the torts of his child unless their commission is incited or authorized by the parent, in which case the rules for determining his liability are the same as in the law of agency or master and servant.

At common law the child is an heir of the parent (see Descent) and is also entitled to a share of the parent's estate under the various statutes of distribution (q.v. ). This interest of the child in the parent's property may. however, be defeated by the parent's will, which may dis- pose of all his property to strangers. In several States it is provided by statute that children of a testator born after the execution cf liis will and of whom no mention is made in the will sliall take the .same share in the jiarent's property wiiich he would have secured had the parent died intestate.

Illegitimate Childrep?. In strictness of law an illegitimate child, that is. one born out of wedlock, has no parent, and consequently he has no rights as against his natural parents, and they owe liim no corresponding obligation. Nat- ural parents at common law were, therefore, not bound to support their illegitimate child, and in ease of their death intestate he acquired no in- terest in their property as heir or next of kin. The English Poor Law or Bastardy Act, which has been substantially reenactcd- in most of the United States, lias qualified the common-law rule as to the duty of parents to maintain their ille- gitimate children.

As between the father and mother of the child the English statute makes the following requirements: The father is not bound even by the poor laws to maintain the child, and the parish oliicers cannot institute any proceedings whatever against him for this purpose: but the mother or the guardian of the child may, to a certain extent, conqM-'l him to contribute toward the child's maintenance and education. The first step is to go before a justice of the peace and obtain a summons of affiliation. The father is then cited before the magistrate, and if the mother swears that he is the father of the child, and some material part of her state- ment is corroborated by a third party, the magis- trate may make an order directing the father to pay the expenses of lying in and a weekly sum until the child attains the age of sixteen. The mother may make this application cither a few months before the birth, or within twelve months after the birth; and even after that time, pro- vided that she can prove that the putative father paid her some money on account of the child with- in the twelve, months. The putative father in these cases is a competent and conipeUable wit- ness. The poor laws m.ike the motlier lialde to maintain the child until it attains the age of sixteen; and not only is she so hound, but any man who marries her is also by statute bound to sii[iport all her illegitimate children until they at- tain that age. As regards the custody of illegiti- mate cliildren. the niotlier is the party exclusively entitled, for the father is deemed in point of law not to be related to such child. Yet, if the father has in point of fact nlitained the custody of such child, and the child is taken away by frniul. the courts will restore the child to Iiis custody, so as to put him in the same position as before.

The bastardy statutes in tho United States in general dilfer only in minor particulars from the English statute. One important ditference, how- ever, is a provision generally adopted authorizing the poor officers or other designated otiiciuls to bring bastardy proceedings directly against the putative father without the intervention of the mother. Although the father of an illegitimate child is under no direct positive ol)ligalion to support his child, the natural relationship has been held in some States to be a .sullicient con- sideration to support and render enforceable the father's promise or agreement with third persons to pay for the support of the child even if made after the support has been given.

In .some .States also illegitimate children are by statute made heirs at law of the niotlier. Sucii is the law in New York, provided the mother leave no legitimate children. The mother may also inherit from her illegitimate chihl. Consult: Field, Legal Relation!) of Infanta, Parent and Child, etc. (Rochester, 1888); Ewell, Cases on Domestic Relation-^ (Boston, 1891): Fra.ser, Treatise on the Laio of ficotlund lielalive to Parent and Child, etc. (2d ed., Edinburgh, 1886); Eversley, Law of the Domeslic Relatioiis (Lon- don, 1885); Arndts, Juristische Enciielopiidie ( 9th ed., Stuttgart, ISn.i ); and the authorities referred to under such titles as Do.me.stic Rela- tions; Husband and Wife; Mabrlvge; Cox- tract; Divorce; etc.

PARENZO, pa-ren'dzd CLai. Parentium) . A town on the west coast of the Crownlaiid of Is- tria, Austria, situated on a rocky peninsula, con- nected with the mainland by a narrow strip of land, 35 miles south by west of Trieste (Jlap: Austria, C 4). It is the seat of the Provincial Assembly and of a Roman Catholic bishopric, and has a good harbor. It.s principal building is the cathedral, a basilica of the sixth century containing fine mosaics. There are also ruins of Roman buildings. The inhabitants are en- gaged prinei])ally in fisliing. shipbuilding, and trade. Population, in 1900, 99G2, mostly Italians. Parenzo was a Roman colony. Parentium; lie- came a part of the Yenetian Republic in 12t>7 and remained so until its dissolution. The bishopric of Paieuzo was founded about 524 and united with that of Pola in 1827.

PABETA-RO'SA, ErpiiROSTNE ( 1 S."}fi-74 ) . An English soprano. She was born at Edinburgh and was the daughter of (ieorgiades de Boyespu, a Wallachian nobleman, and Elizabeth Seguin. She studied under Crescentini. Panseron, and Bordogiii, and made her first appearance as a singer at Malta under the name of Parepa. She made her debut in London in I8.">7. and in 1863 married Captain Carvell, who died two years later. She then went to America, and appeared at Ir-ing Hall. Xew York, in 1365. In 1867 she married Carl Rosa, the violinist and operatic manager and conductor, with whom in 1860 she organized an English opera company. She sang at the Boston Peace .lubilee in 1869, and was'^a member of the Italian opera comjinny at the Khedive's Theatre in Cairo during the winter of 1872-73. Her voice was remarkable for its purity and flexibility, and had a compass of two and fine-half octaves. She died in London.

PAR'ESIS (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. riptau, letting go. paralysis, from trapUnu, pnricniii. to relax,'^from wapd. para, beside, beyond + l^-i".