Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/390

PARAPHERNALIA. pherem, to bear). Articles of wearing apparel and ornament suitable to a wife's station in life, which were given to or acquired by lier either before <n' during marriage. Botli the Roman and civil law recognized a special prop- erty in the wife, as to her necessary article.-; of clothing and ornament, and the name and idea were adopted from the above systems into the Knglisli law. By the common law the wife's ])araphernalia, except articles of absolutely necessary clothing, belonged to the husband dur- ing his lifetime and he could dispose of fliem at his discretion, but on his death the wife could hold them against the heirs and legatees, al- though not as against creditors.. The husband, liowever, could not dispose of her paraphernalia by will. No exact list of articles which may. be in- cluded under the term paraphernalia can be given, as the rules vary in different jurisdic- tions. In general, it may be said that the cloth- ing and ornaments must be such as would ordi- narily be ])ossessed by a woman in her station in life, and that jewels, etc., given by the hus- band in excess of his means will not be included. See Hl'sba.nd akd Wife; Separate Estate. Consult the authorities referred to under Hus- band and Wife. PARAPHRASE (Lat. para phra sis, from Gk. •n-apaippcKji^, from ~aim<)>pa^ta', paraphrazein, to repeat a statement in different words, from Tzapa, para, beside, beyond + (ppdi^eiv, phrazein, to say), in music, a free arrangement of a composition for some other instrument or instruments. Bil- low's arrangement of Tristan und Isolde is mere- ly a transcription, because he puts nothing into the piano score that Wagner has not written in the orchestral score. Liszt's arrangement of the Love-Death is more a paraphrase, because he uses rhythmic figures of his own invention. Also he begins with the motive of the Curse, which in ^^"agner's score does not precede the opening of the Death song. Liszt's transcrip- tions of the songs of Schubert, Schumann, and others are excellent examples of paraphrases. PARAPHYSES, par-afi-sez (from Gk. napa. vaiQ, paraphysis, offshoot, from Tvapatfivtiv, para- phyein, to produce oft'shoots, from Trapd, para, beside + <pveiv, pliyein, to grow). Outgrowths, usually filamentous in form, which are asso- ciated with reproductive organs, either sexual or asexual. Among the fungi paraphj-ses occur in connection with the spore-bearing organs in the formation of hymenial layers, as in Aseobolus, black knot (Spheeria morbosa), etc. The best known use of the term, however, is in connection with the mosses, in which the groups of sex- organs, especially the antheridia, are often inter- mingled with hair-like paraphyses. See Musci. PARAPLE'GIA. See Paralysis. PARASOL FUNGUS. See Mr.snRooxt. PAR'ASANG (Lat. parasanga, from Gk. naoamyyj]^, parasanges, from Pers. farsang, parasang) . A lineal measure still used by the Persians, and often alluded to by the Greeks. The estimate of its length given by Herodotus, Suidas, Hesychius, and Xenophon, and concurred in by modern travelers, is equivalent to about 30 Greek stadia, or 3^4 English miles. The word is thought to be derived from scng (Persian, 'a stone'), and para (Sanskrit, 'end'), in allusion to milestones. Byzantine writers reckoned it at 21 stadia: Strabo reckoned it at 30, 40, and even (iO stadia. Persian authorities are divided. PARASARA, pa-ril'sha-rii. A Hindu sage, reputed to lie the author of some of the hymns of the Kig-eda, where he is once mentioned (vii. 18, 21) as a friend of Indra. He is said to have been the son of Vasishtha, or, according to the more usual account, of asishtha's son, Sakti. The story runs that King Kalinasha- pada once met Sakti ia a narrow path in a thicket, and ordered him out of the way. The sage refused, whereat the King lashed him with his whip, and Sakti cursed him to become a rakshasa, or demon. In this transformation Kalmashapada killed and ate :>aktj, together with the other sons of Vasishtha. Sakti,' how- ever, had left hia wife, Adrishyanti, pregnant, and she gave birth to Paras'ara, who was brought up by his grandfather. When he grew up, and was informed how his father died, he instituted a sacrifice for the destruction of all the rak- shasas, but was dissuaded from its completion by Vasishtha and other sages. This legend is later expanded, so that, as a reward for his for- bearance, Parasara is said to have been the compiler of the Visnu-puruna. (See Pihan.v.) There is also attributed to him a law-code/ the Parasarasinili, and a subpuiana, the I'ariiSarn- purana, which, like some late works ascribed to Parasara, may have been composed by historical personages bearing this name. The legendary Para.fera is said to have been the father of Vyasa (q.v. ) by an intrigue with the Princess Satyavati. PARASELENE. See Halo. PARASITE (Lat. parasitus, from Gk. ^rapAat. Toi;, one who eats at another's table, guest, parasite, irom ~apa, para, beside, beyond -i-aiTnc, sitds. food), A.M.MAL. Animals that feed on the fluids of other living animals that the latter have elaborated for their own use: also on the juices and even solid matters that they get while feed- ing in the interior of living plants. It is e.s.sen- tial to the idea of parasitism that an injury is done to some other living organism within which, or fastened on to which, the parasite lives; and the organism that supports the parasite is called the 'host.' Parasites are either 'temporary' or 'station- ary.' Temporary parasites are tliosc that seek their host only occasionally or for a .short time; they may have ditl'erent individuals as hosts at different times, as is the case with the leech and bed-bug. Stationary parasites are those whose parasitic life continues for a long time, perhaps as long as life, e.g. the tapeworm. Parasites may also be classified as 'eetoparasitic' or 'endo- parasitic.' Ectoparasites live ehiclly on the skin and are either temporary, as in the case of the mosquito, or stationary, as in the case of the itch-mite. Kndoparasites live chiefiy in the ali- mentary tract or some other intestinal organ, and are stationary. Origin of Parasitic Life. A knowledge of this subject can best be gained by a study of certain groups where all gradations occur from free-living to parasitic forms. The first ex- ample may be taken from the group Co|M'poda. Many of these small Crustacea swim free in the sea and in ponds. They feed on all sorts of organic d.'-bris. One species, .igiilus. travel*