Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/369

PAPIN. to boil at a much lower temperature than when freely exposed to the air. Papin iliseovered the principle of action of the siphon. ini])roveil the air punij) of Otto von Guericke. and took part in philosophical discus.sions with Leibnitz. In 1690 he constructed a paddle-wheel boat in which his pumping engine was used to raise water which turned a water wheel connected with the paddle. It was destroyed by a mob on account of its interfering with the business of the boatmen. Many of Papin's numerous writings will be found in the Philosophical Transactions, Acta Eruditorum, and the Itrcucil de diverses pieces (1{!95). He publislied an explanation of the construction and uses of his 'digester' (London. KiSl), afterwards (1682) translated into French, and his experiments en- titled Xouvcllcs experiences du Viiide (Paris. 1674). It was not for nearly a century after his death that the great value of Papin's experiments and researches as perceived. For Papin's work connected with the steam-engine, see Thurston. Groicth of the Steam Engine (New York. 1878). See his Life. l)y Gerland. which includes his cor- respondence with Leibnitz and Huygens (Berlin, 1881).

PAPINEAXJ, pa'pe'no'. Loris Joseph ( 1789- 1871 ). A Canadian orator and political agitator. He was born at Montreal, and received his edu- cation at the Seminary of Queliec. and then en- tered upon the study of 'law. In 1809 he was elected to represent the constituency of Kent in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, and in I81I was chosen to sit for one of the districts of Montreal. During the War of 1812 he was the commander of a company of militia, but saw little active service. In 1817, as the leader of the French-Canadian Party, he was chosen Speaker, and continued to hold that position until 1837. He had frequent conflicts with the royal Governors, and in 1827 Lord Dalhousie refused to accept him as Speaker, but the As- sembly insisted and Dalhousie resigned. In an effort to force the home Government to make the Provincial Council elective instead of ap- pointive, the Assembly under his lead refused to grant supplies to the Governor, and in 1834 transmitted to England the famous 'Xinety-two Resolutions.' Affairs now became more andmore critical, and in 1835 Papineau arranged with William Lyon Mackenzie, the leader of the Revo- lutionary Party in Upper Canada, for coopera- tion between their followers. In March, 1837, the English Govei-nment finally declared that an elective Council could not be granted, and au- thorized the Governor, since the Assembly still refused to vote supplies, to use the money "in the treasury. A proclamation was issued warning the people against agitators, and, because of Papineau's violent harangues to the people, he was deprived of his captaincy in the militia. In October, 1837, he attended' a meeting which decided upon revolution, though there has been much dispute as to whether "he favored this action. Certain it is, however, that when the re- bellion, the way for which he had prepared, broke out, he fled to the United States, where he remained for two years. He then went tr, France, but in 1847 took advantage of a genera' amnesty and returned to Canada. He was soon afterwards elected to a seat in the Lower House of the now united Canadian Parliament, but found that his old influence had departed. He retired from the public service in 18.54, and spent the remainder of his life in seclusion at his residence of Montebcllo on the Ottawa River. Consult: Kingsford, History of Canada (Toronto, 1887-98); Christie, JJistori/ of the Late Province of Loner Canada (Quebec, 1848-55); and Read, The Canadian Rebellion of 1837 (Toronto, 1890).

PAPINIANUS, .E-MiLiAxrs. A distinguished Roman jurist, a contemporary, friend, and trusted adviser of the Emperor Septimius Severus. He was probably of Syrian-Greek origin; was born about 140 A.D.: became pretorian prefect or Chief Justice of the Empire in 203, and was put to death in 212 because (it is said) he refused to justify Caracalla's murder of Geta. He was regarded by the later Romans and is still generally re- garded as the greatest of the Roman jurists. More than any other, he strove to keep law in harmony with ethics. In Valentinian's Law of Citations (426) that Emperor directed that if an equal number of authorities were produced on either side of a disputed question the opinion sup- ported in Papinianus's writings should prevail. Both before and after Justinian's time the works of Papinianus formed an important part of the third year of legal study, and the students of that year were called Papinianista?. His prin- cipal imblished works were digests of decisions: 37 books of 'questions' and 19 of 'responses.' Because he left no .systematic commentaries. Jus- tinian's codifiers drew less largely on his writ- ings than on those of Ulpian and' Paul; but ex- cerpts from his works constitute an important part of the Digest. Outside of the Digest we have a passage from Papinianus which Wift in- cluded in the Breviary of Alaric (q.v. ) and a few fragments of his 'responses found in Egvpt in 1877 and 1882. These have been printed' by Huschke. Consult Otto, Papinianus (2d ed., 1743) and the article by Bruns in Pauly, Realen- cyelopiidie.

PAPIST PLOT. See Oates, Titus. PAPPENHEIM, pap'pen-him, Gottfried Heixricii. Count (1504-1032). One of the lead- ing Imperialist generals in the Thirty Years' War. He was born at Pappenheim. 'Bavaria, May 20. 1594. of an old and distinguished Swa- bian family. He studied at Altdorf and Tiibingen and early identified himself with the Catholic cause. He served under the Poles against the Russians and Turks; was in the service of the Catholic League in 1620, and at the battle of the hite Hill in the same year contributed great- ly to the victory over the Bohemian forces. He was in 1023 made commander of the mounted regiment which became famous as Pappenheim's cuirassiers. He was a cavalry commander in the Spanish service in Lombardv in 1025-20. but rejoined the Imperialist armv 'in the fnllowin" year, suppressed a revolt of the Protestant peas" ants of Upper Austria, and then was engaged under Tilly in the campaigns against the iJines, Swedes, and Saxons. He took a prominent part in the storming of Magdebur" (1031) was engaged at Breitenfehl (1632) and cov- ered the retreat of the defeated armv. He served under Wallenstein in the final campaign against Gustavus Adolphus. Just before the fateful battle of Lutzen he had been detached with eitrht regiments for an independent movement, but a recall was sent after him when the rapid ad-