Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/366

PAPER. per, ordinarily so called, is made on the Four- drinicr niacliino. a very larj-e tla-so of heavy papers, cardl)Oard», strawbounl, news liuard Miulers' board, and the like, as well as most ii~»ue paper, is made im a dilTvront maehinc. Instead of the horizontal wire on whirli the pulp Hows, the wire is fastened around a cylimler whieh dips in a vat of pulp, and as it revolves a lilni of pull) comes up with it, the water running olF throii;,'h the wire. As there is no lateral shake, the mK-r is not felted as well as on the other maehine, and has less stren{{th HISS the wel). It is easy to arranf^e several lis and cylinders so that the sheets shall unite, and in this way very lu'avy hmniN are made. The rest of the niaihini'. press rolls, driers, etc., is the same as descrilieil previously. liile. as already stateil, the produi-l of the cylinder machines is not so important, there are in the United Stales nearly as many of these in operation as Kourdrinier machines.

Coated Papers. A larfje amount of pai)or is given a surface coatin;; of various substances after it leaves the pajwr mill proper. Tho process of coatinp is as follows: The pa|H>r is fed in a continuous roll to a rotary brush which applies the coatin}.' on one siih-. Other brushes spread the material evenly, and it is then hung from sticks in festoons in a steamheated room. The sticks rest on moviiifj; racks which pass the festoons slowly down the room. When dry the paper is rewound ami calendered, glazed, or em- bosseil. If it is to be coated on two sides, it is passed throu;{h the nuichine a second time and the other side coated. A patented process for coating both sides at once is in use, but is only suital)le for a cheap proiluct.

CiKitiil boul.- piijicr (used for illustrations of the better sort where a very smooth surface is needed to reproduce every line and sbailiuf; of the picture) is coated with days ami glue or casein, and the necessary smoothness obtained by calendering in a machine similar to the super- cnlender descril)ed above, but having compressed cotton rolls in place of pa|)er ones. Lithographic paper is usually coated on one side only, an<l is used for printing from stones. See LiTllOO- BAPIIY.

illiized papcm are chielh' used for covering paper boxes. They are coaled on one side only and given a very high glossy surface by the frirlioii calender. This consists of a top roll of polished iron heated by .steam revolving at a much higher speed than the roll below, which is made of compressed cotton. The pajier as it passes lietween these rolls is smootheeswa. or carnaul)a wax in the coat- ing mixture. >[any other fancy etTects are ob- tained by coating and embossing paper. 'aH paprr is printed in various colors and designs from pajwr in the roll, and is often emtMsscd.

Manila Paper. Originally the wrapping paper called manila paper was nuule of nuinila hemp, jute, old rope, anil other substances hav- ing a strong tlbre. Since the intr<»iuction of sulphite fibre the ordinary manila wrapping paper of commerce is nnule wholly of wood, while the strong paper made of old rope and other strong materials is called rope manila. I'apcrs may l)e classified as follows: (1) Writing papers,, comprising bond pa|M.>rs, ranging from the Desl bunk note and st<x'k certiftcatt' to greatly inferior grades, bonii in nothing but name; ledger papers, for brrnkkeeping and other tine writing purposes; linen pa|H-rs, usually with rimgh surface and laid water mark. Writing jiapers are known in the trade as llat' papers, as oppOM'd to printing papers, which uscii to !«■ folded in quires, but now are also llat ami almost never folded. (2) Book papers. (:<) News pa|)er, usually largely made of ground wood. (4) Wrapping paper, ro|M- manila, manila, bogu^ manila, etc. (5) Tissue, blotting paper (iMisizedl. cover pa|>ers, etc. (8) Boards of all sorts, strawboard, box board, news Imard (made from ohl printed newspa|)crs), bristol boaril. etc. Pulp is used for a great many purposes Iwsides making into pa|>er. It is waterpriMfed and pressed into rails and many other shapes. It is used for the inside of car whwls.

Sizes. Formerly very many names were in use to designate different sizes of pa|K>rs. but now they are largely obsolete. es[)ecially in .merica. and standard sizes are being more and more super- seiled by s|)ecial orders of oild sizes. The names for the sizes of writing pa|)ers are largely the same in the United States and in F.ngland. but the sizes differ slightly. A few of the iiio-.t com- mon are given lielow, with the size of both coun- tries:

I'Dltcd Stntm III r.ni.-tan>I Cap Ofm.v.. Full.) MfiHiliii Double cap-.. Koyal Siipi^r ro.viil.- Iini>erlnl Atliis Double elephant.. ux" i«x:2i ■Jll X l.St«i X12 iM X 'i;! ■n X -iVi ISXl'* ■H X 1«V. ■Jipxis m X i9Vi MXSI XM X33 S4XWi «X40 MX 17 Statistics. The United States census of 1000 shows a very rapid growth of the paper industry since IS'.K). " While the numl)er of mills did not greatlv inerea.se. the value of the priKluct. the tonnage, and the capital invested nearly doubled. The amount of spruce wood con-umed each year is .so great that unless regular metbiKls of forestry are soon introduced, this source of sup- ply will be cut off. In lOOO. Ttl per cent, of all the wood used in the United States was spruce, and the consumption was l..iOVi.20-2 cords. Out of a reported total cost of all materials of $70.,i:}0.23t;, only $l.3.'.t02.0!i2 went for rags, which were the" only material available fifty years ago.

NruDiB OF Mii.i..< i:« Opri«»Tio!i ix IW) Founlrlnlor.. Cvliuiler MS Total.. ProJuctlon of newnpiiper. 1900. In roll. »4,671 tonn Inshwta 1U.«4U Total SW.au t«n. BiiiLioGBAPiiY. Cross ond Bevan. A Text Bonk of Paper ilakinn (London, 19001 : Bovcridge, Paper Maker's Porkelbook (ib.. 1001): Watt, The irt of Paper Makinq (ib., 1900) : Griffin 4