Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/310

PALM. French troops in Bavaria, was sent by this firm to a bookseller in Augsburg in the ordinary course of trade, and, as Palm to the last moment of his life averred, without any regard, on his part, to its contents. Xapoleon's police traced it to the shop in Xuremberg, and an investiga- tion was ordered. Palm was in ilunich, but he returned to Xuremberg, and was there arrested. An extraordinary court-martial, held at Braunau, to which place he was removed, condemned him to death (August 25, ISOG), no advocate being heard in his defense. General Saint-Hilaire declared that the orders of the Emperor were positive; and the sentence was executed at two o'clock on the same day on which it was pronounced. The execution of Palm served to stir up a feeling of bitter hatred among the German people against the domination of the French, and aroused the general indignation of Europe. With the nuirder of the Due d'Enghien (q.v.) this was one of Napoleon's gravest blunders. Consult Schul- thciss, Johaiin Philipp Palm (Nuremberg, 1860).

PALMA, piil'ma. One of the Canary Islands (q.v. I.

PALMA. Tlie capital of the island of Majorca (q.v.) and of the Spanish Province of Baleares ( Map : Spain. G 3 ). It is situated on the southwest coast of the island, on the Gulf of Palma, which, between capes Figiiera and Blanco, is 18 miles long, and sweeps 12 miles inland. The city is surrounded by orange planta- tions, and is walled and fortified. The houses, some of which are built of marble, are mostly in the Moorish style of architecture; a number of the streets are wide and regular. It is the see of a bishop, and has a Gothic cathedral which, from its lofty situation, dominates the whole city. It is simple but beautiful in style, with a spire which, from the delicate and airy char- acter of its construction, is called the Angel's Tower. Besides other ecclesiastical edifices, the town has a number of fine modern connuercial and other secular bviildings, such as the Bank of Spain, the Exchange, a beautiful and ornate structure in Germano-Gothic, and the Governor's palace. The chief educational institutions are a seminary, a normal school, a school of fine arts, and a museum of paintings. The chief manu- factures are alcohol, liquors, chocolate, starch, sugar, flour, soap, leather, and glass. In the port, a mole .500 yards in length runs out from the bastions facing the south ; and on each side of it are ship-building yards. The harbor is well sheltered, and is much used as a port of call : steamers leave it regularly several times a week for Barcelona, Valencia, and Alicante. The chief exports are oil, wine, and fruit. Popu- lation, in 1887, 60,514: in 1000, 63,783.

PALMA, .Iacopo, called II Vecchio (the elder; (c.l4Mi-l.:)28). A Venetian painter of the High Renaissance. He was born at Serinalla. near Ber- gamo, about 1480, and studied principally under Giovanni Bellini, but there is a latitude in his art method that indicates the successive domi- nance of several artists. His earlier works call to mind the style and technique of Bellini, as may be seen in the "Tobias and the Angel" in Stuttgart. His second manner reflects the in- fluence of Giorgione and Titian, and is charac- teiized by rich coloring and brilliant lighting, combined with masterly breadth of treatment. Like his great contemporaries, he achieved ideal- ism through the perfection of nature. The finest example of this period is the altar-piece of Saint Barbara in the Church of Santa )Iaria Formosa, Venice. The figure of the saint is one of the most beautiful and majestic female forms in Venetian art. His later works, cast in a lower key and executed with less care, con- .stitute his third {blonde) manner. The "Three Sisters," Dresden, is typical of this class. Palma was a prolific painter, and at the time of his death, which oc-curred at Venice, August 18, 1.528, no fewer than forty unfinished works remained. Among his works the following may be selected as characteristic: "Adam and Eve," Brunswick; "The Virgin Enthroned," altar-piece at Zerman, near Treviso; "Saint Peter En- throned" and "Healing of the Widow's Son," in the Academy, Venice. To the best period are assigned "The Adoration of the Shepherds," in the Louvre; "Meeting of .lacob and Rachel," Dresden Gallery; "Saint Peter Presentin" a Worshiper to the Infant Christ." Colonna Pal- ace, Rome; "The Madonna and Cliild Adored by Saints;" and a number of female portraits in the Vienna Museum. Consult: Crowe and Caval- caselle. History of Painting in Xorlh Italy (2d ed., London, 1871) : Rosenberg, in Dohme, Kunst nnd Kiitistler Italiens, iii. (I^eipzig, 1879) ; Morelli, Italian Masters in German Oalleries (London, 1883) ; Locatelli, Vofisie intomo a fjiaeomo Palma (Bergamo, 1890).

PALMA, .Tacopo. called II Giovane (the youngiri ( C.1544-162S) . A Venetian painter, grandnephew of the preceding. He was Ixirn in Venice, where he passed most of his life. A pupil of Antonio Palma, a .second-class Venetian painter, he received his real inspiration from the study of the works of Titian and Tintoretto, and later, during an eight years' stay in Rome, came under the influence of the great masters of the Roman Renaissance. He acquired a mas- tery of expression and a facility in handling beyond that possessed by the majority of his contemporaries. The great deficiency in his work is the mechanical or nianneristic method, which makes itself felt in spite of the excellences of color or line. A number of his best productions, which are historical and religious in character, are in the Ducal Palace, the .Academy, and the churches of Venice, a typical example lieing "Saint Catharine Rescued from the Wheel." in the Church of the Frari. Other examples are in the galleries of Vienna, Madrid, Munich, Dres- den, etc.

PALMA, RiCABDO ( 1833— ). A Peruvian poet and prose writer, born at Lima. He was edu- cated at the University of San Marcos del Rimac. and as associate editor of the Lima periodical El Diablo (1860) he was banished for a time for his political opinions. He held a position in the Peruvian National Library, and after it was destroyed by the Chileans in 1.881, Ricardo undertook "its restoration with foreigTi help. Besides translations from the German, Portuguese. French. English, and Italian, he pub- lished in Lima Los analcs dc la inqtiisicidn de Lima (1863) and a volume of pm-ms, some of which had been previously printed in Paris (1865) and in Havre (1870). His Tradieionr.i (1883-87) contain many interesting historical an<l otlier legends of Peru.

PALMA, ToMAS ESTR.VDA (C.1S.36— ). First President of Cuba, born near Bayamo. where