Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 15.djvu/240

PADUA. pamphlets, and 2320 uiaiiuscripts. The univer- sity also includes a number of clinics, an ob- servatory, a botanical garden, and a number of museums. For bibliography, see Univeksity.

PADUCAH, pa-du'lca. A city and the county- seat of MeCraeken County, Ky., 48 miles east by north of Cairo, 111., and 165 miles southeast of Saint Louis, ilo. ; at the confluence of the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, and on the Illinois Central and the Nashville, Chattanooga and Saint Louis railroads (ilap: Kentucky, C 3). It has a United States Government building, hospitals, and public parks. The city is in an agricultural, mineral, and timber region ; is the terminus of several river packet lines; controls large lumber and tobacco interests, besides an imirortant whole- sale trade ; and has extensive manufactures of lumber products, furniture, brick, potter's ware, tobacco, cotton rope, wagon material, flour, and foundry and machine shop products. The building of steamboats is carried on. The government, under a charter of 1893, is vested in a mayor, who holds office for four years, and a council. The school board is indepen- dently chosen by popular vote. The electric light plant is owned and operated by the mu- nicipality. Paducah was laid out in 1827, incor- porated as a village in the following year, and received a city charter in 1856. In September, 1861, it was occupied and fortified by General Grant, and on March 25, 1864, then having a garrison of about 800 men <inder Hicks, it was unsuccessfully attacked by General Forrest with a force of -.5000. Population, in 1890, 12,797; in 1900, 19,446.

PÆ'AN (Lat.. from Gk. Traiai', paian, hymn in honor of Apollo, from natdi". Paian. Ilaiiii', Pawn, epithet of Apollo). An ancient Greek god of healing. Pjean appears in Homer and later poets down to .Eschylus as a personal god. a divine physician, invoked to cure disease and also to avert threatened destruction from other causes. From the middle of the fifth century B.C. we hear little of this god. and Piean becomes a surname of Apollo, as the averter of disease and destruction. The liymn for deliverance, ad- dressed probably originally to the god Paean, with its refrain Jt) noi({y, was also transferred to the worship of other gods, and became the name for a recognized division of the Greek choral lyric poetry. It was sung cither in solemn procession or in a stately dance around the altar, especially of Apollo, though sometimes in connection with the worship of Dionysus, Asclepius. and others. We also find the word used to denote a prayer or hyiun accompanying the libation at a sacrifice, or sung to the gods with the libation at the sympo- sium or at the marriage feast. As a prayer for safety it was naturally chanted before the battle, and. indeed, before any undertaking where danger was anticipated. The refrain seems also to have become a shout of victory, as expressing thanks- giving for deliverance, and thus the Psan is also the name for the hymn sung at the processions and the sacrifices in celebration of victory. Con- sult: Fairbanks. A SHiidi/ of the Greek Pcsan (Xew York. 1000) ; Ilsener, Gotiernamen (Bonn, 1896).

PÆDOGEN'ESIS. See Paethexoge>-esis. PÆO'NIUS (Lat., from Gk. naiiinos. Pa fo- nios). A Greek sculptor of the latter part of the fifth century B.C. He was a native of Monde, probably the Thracian town, which was settled by lonians, and is known by liis statue of Nike (Victory), executed for the Messenians of Nau- pactus and erected as a trophy at Olympia, prob- ably about B.C. 420. The statue stood on a tri- angular pedestal some thirty feet in height, and represented the goddess as in full llighl toward the earth. The feet barely touch the pedestal, the support being afforded by the flowing drapery, which in its light folds suggests admirably the ru.sh of the goddess through the air. Pausanias says that Pieonius also made the sculptures in the east pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, but this seems to be due to a misunderstanding of the inscription on the base of the Nike, in which the artist claims to have been the victor in mak- ing the figures on the extremities of the gables.

PAER, pa-ar', Febdi...ndo (1771-1839). An Italian composer, born in Parma. He was ap- pointed ehaijel-master at Dresden in 1801 ; Im- ])erial composer to Napoleon in 1807, and was director of the Italian opera at Paris in 1812-27. Besides a number of overtures and cantatas, he was composer of forty-three operas ( the best is Camilla, 1799), which have long been forgotten. He is of interest more for the part he played in the musical life of his day, as shown by his ap- pointments, and his rivalry with Rossini, his suc- cessfvil competitor for public favor, and for a time a joint conductor with him at the Theatre Italien. He received the cross of the Legion of Honor in 1828; was elected to the Academy in 1831 ; and the year following became conductor of the Royal Chamber music. He died in Paris.

PJES'TUM (Lat., from Gk. no<', Paistan, earlier Uoauiwvla, Poseidonia). An ancient Greek city of northwestern Lucania in Southern Italy, in the present Province of Salerno. It seems to have been founded under the name Posidonia, by Troszenians expelled from Syba- ris, probably not earlier than the latter part of the "seventh century B.C. It does not appear prominently in the history of Magna Gra'cia, but its temples show it must have en- joyed considerable prosperity. About B.C. 400 it'was captured by the advancing Lucanians, who. however, allowed the ancient inhal)itants to re- main, and even to mourn their lost glories at an annual festival. With the rest of the region it submitted to Rome, and in B.C. 273 was made the seat of a colony, but in the time of Strabo was reputed unhealthy, and gradually fell into neglect. In the ninth century the town was sacked by the Saracens, and after that the site seems to have l)een abandoned, and now is occupied only by a few houses and the fine ruins of three temples, connnonly called the Temple of Poseidon, the Basilica, "and the Temple of Ceres. They are all important monuments for the history of the Doric style, and are among the best preserved and most impressive examples of Greek temple architecture outside of Athens.

FAEZ, pil'as. A mountain tribe of Colombia, occupying about twenty villages in the high Central Cordilleras, westward from Bogota. They are believed to be the principal modern represen- tatives of an ancient group of allied tribes, hos- tile to the more civilized Chibeha (q.v.). and constituting a distinct linguistic stock. They are hunters and go nearly naked in spite of the cold, but wear hats woven from reeds or bark. Thcv also weave mats and cloth from maguey